C on f u c i a n i s m

What is Confucianism
Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system developed by Chinese philosopher Confucius
in the 5th century BCE. It is considered one of the most influential and enduring philosophies in
Chinese history. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of moral values, ethical behavior, and
social harmony. It teaches that individuals should strive for self-cultivation, filial piety, respect for
authority, and benevolence toward others. Confucianism also promotes the idea of maintaining
social order through a well-structured hierarchical system in society and emphasizes the
importance of education and the pursuit of knowledge.
 Confucius
Also known as Kong Qiu, was a Chinese philosopher and teacher who lived during
the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. He was born in 551 BC in the Lu
state of China and died in 479 BC. Confucius is considered one of the most
influential figures in Chinese history and his teachings had a profound impact on
Chinese society, culture, and politics. His philosophy emphasized moral values, filial
piety, social harmony, and the importance of cultivating one's character. His
teachings, collectively known as Confucianism, continue to have a significant
influence on East Asian cultures to this day.
 Confucian Classics
The Confucian Classics, also known as the Four Books and Five
Classics, are a collection of ancient Chinese texts that form the core of
Confucian philosophy and served as the foundation of education in
traditional Chinese society. These texts were written during the Spring
and Autumn Period (770–476 BCE) and the Warring States Period (475–
221 BCE) by Confucius and his disciples, as well as other prominent
scholars.
 The Four Books

• The Great Learning (Daxue)

• The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong)
• The Analects of Confucius (Lunyu)
• Mencius (Mengzi)
 The Five Classics

• The Book of Changes ( I Ching )

• The Book of Poetry (Shijing)
• The Book of Documents (Shujing)
• The Book of Rites (Liji)
• The Spring and Autumn (Chungqiu)
 Mandate of Heaven
Is an ancient Chinese philosophical concept that asserts the right to rule
of the emperor, granted by Heaven (Tian). According to this belief, a
ruler's authority is legitimate as long as he governs justly and in the best
interests of the people. If a ruler fails in his responsibilities, then Heaven
withdraws its mandate, leading to the fall of the dynasty.
 Tian
Is the term used to refer to Heaven in Chinese philosophy and
religious beliefs. It is seen as a transcendent force that governs the
world and helps maintain order and harmony.
 Regarding Human Nature

The philosopher Mencius believed that all individuals are born with
inherent goodness. He argued that human beings have an innate tendency
towards benevolence, righteousness, and moral virtue. On the other hand,
his contemporary philosopher Hsun Tze believed that human nature is
inherently evil. He believed that humans are driven by selfish desires and
must be guided by laws and regulations to prevent chaos.
 The Rectification of Names
Is a concept introduced by Confucius, emphasizing the importance
of using proper words and language to accurately describe reality.
According to this principle, when individuals use words correctly
and honestly, they contribute to the stability and harmony of society.
 The Moral Way

Also known as the Way of the Mean, is a concept from Confucian

philosophy that emphasizes striking a balance between extremes. It
consists of five cardinal virtues: benevolence (Ren), righteousness
(Yi), propriety (li), wisdom (Zhi), and faithfulness (Xin). These
virtues are seen as essential for cultivating moral character and
maintaining harmony in personal and social relationships.
 Filial Piety
Is a Confucian value that emphasizes respect and
obedience towards one's parents and ancestors. It is
considered one of the fundamental obligations of
individuals and is seen as crucial for maintaining social
order.
 Ancestor Worship

Is a traditional Chinese belief and practice that involves showing

reverence and respect to deceased family members. It is done through
rituals, prayers, and offerings, and is considered a way of honoring and
communicating with ancestors, seeking their blessings, and ensuring
their continued well-being in the afterlife.
 God:Heaven

There are no Confucian gods, and Confucius himself is worshipped as a

spirit rather than a god. However, there are temples of Confucianism,
which are places where important community and civic rituals happen.
This debate remains unresolved, and many people refer to
Confucianism as both a religion and a philosophy.
 Issues: Gender inequality, Authoritarianism

Confucianism is often associated with oppressing women, whether

that be subjugating women to their fathers during childhood, husbands
during marriage, or sons during widowhood. Oppressive acts
associated with Confucian principles also include foot binding,
concubinage, and widow suicide.
The Five basic relationship

• King to subject
• Father to son
• Husband to wife
• Elder brother to younger brother
• Friend to friend
 King to Subject

This relationship involves a ruler or monarch and their citizens

or subjects. The king has authority over the subjects and is
responsible for governing and protecting them. The subjects, in
turn, owe allegiance and loyalty to the king, and are expected to
obey his commands and contribute to the welfare of the
kingdom.
 Father to Son

This relationship is based on the bond between a biological or

adoptive father and his son. The father assumes the role of a guide
and provider, taking care of the physical and emotional needs of
his son. He imparts wisdom, values, and life skills, and is
responsible for the upbringing and education of his son. The son
respects and looks up to his father, seeking guidance and support.
 Husband to Wife

This relationship refers to the partnership between a husband and wife in a

marital union. The husband is expected to provide for his wife financially
and emotionally and protect her. He is responsible for the overall well-
being of the family, making decisions, and ensuring a stable home. The
wife supports her husband and contributes to the household, often taking
care of domestic duties and nurturing the family. Both partners ideally
show love, respect, and communicate to maintain a healthy relationship.
 Elder to Younger Brother

This relationship exists between siblings, where the elder brother

assumes a protective and guiding role towards his younger brother. The
elder brother offers support, mentorship, and acts as a role model for the
younger brother. He may provide advice, assist in problem-solving, and
help navigate through life's challenges. The younger brother has trust
and respect for his elder brother, often looking up to him and seeking
guidance.
 Friend to Friend

This relationship is built on mutual trust, respect, and shared interests.

Friends support each other emotionally, provide companionship, and enjoy
spending time together. They offer a listening ear, offer advice, and
celebrate each other's successes. In friendships, there is a sense of equality,
where both individuals contribute to the relationship and enjoy each other's
company without any familial or hierarchical obligations.
 Example of filial piety in the family

• Taking care of elderly parents by providing them with food,

shelter, and medical care.
• Respecting and obeying parents' wishes and decisions.
• Taking part in family traditions and rituals to honor ancestors.
 Example of filial piety in the
community
• Volunteering in community service and helping those in need,
thus bringing honor to the family and community.
• Assisting in organizing community events and festivals.
• Supporting local businesses and participating in neighborhood
activities.
 Example of filial piety in the
society
• Respecting and following the laws of the society, ensuring that one does
not cause any harm or disturbance.
• Promoting social harmony and being respectful towards others in
public spaces.
• Engaging in activities that contribute to the betterment of society, such
as volunteering, charity work, or environmental conservation efforts.
Confucianism, a philosophy originating from ancient China, emphasizes the importance of
moral virtue and social harmony. At the heart of Confucian teachings is the concept of being
a "gentleman," which refers to an individual who exhibits exemplary moral character and
conducts themselves in an upright manner.

To become a gentleman, one must adhere to the moral way, which encompasses five
fundamental virtues: love, righteousness, wisdom, propriety, and loyalty. These virtues serve
as guiding principles that shape an individual's character and interactions with others.
 By embodying these virtues, individuals following Confucianism aim to
promote harmony within society. The principles of love, righteousness, wisdom,
propriety, and loyalty guide their interactions, ensuring that individuals treat one
another with respect, fairness, and compassion. This harmonious social order,
based on moral values, is believed to enhance the overall well-being and
prosperity of society as a whole.
 Love
The first virtue is love, often translated as benevolence or compassion.
Confucianism emphasizes the importance of putting others before
oneself and cultivating a sense of empathy and care for all beings. By
practicing love, individuals are encouraged to treat others with
kindness and strive for the well-being of others.
 Righteousness or Justice
The second virtue is righteousness or justice. Confucianism emphasizes
the importance of doing what is right and just in all aspects of life. A
gentleman is expected to act in an ethical manner, upholding fairness and
honesty in their interactions with others. Righteousness involves
adherence to moral principles and the ability to make just decisions.
 Wisdom
Wisdom is another virtue that is central to Confucian teachings. A
gentleman must constantly seek knowledge and self-improvement,
striving to gain wisdom through learning and reflection. Wisdom is
seen as essential in making sound judgments and decisions, as well as
in guiding one's actions in accordance with moral principles.
 Propriety or Reverance
Propriety, or reverence, is also emphasized in Confucian teachings. It refers
to adhering to social norms, etiquette, and proper conduct in various social
relationships. A gentleman is expected to fulfill their roles and responsibilities
within the family, society, and government with dignity and respect. Propriety
helps maintain order and harmony in society by prescribing appropriate
behavior in different contexts.
 Loyalty
Finally, loyalty is considered to be a virtue of great significance in
Confucianism. A gentleman is expected to be loyal to their family, friends,
and society as a whole. Loyalty involves a sense of duty, devotion, and
commitment to one's relationships and responsibilities. It is seen as a
crucial element in ensuring social stability and cohesion.
By cultivating and embodying these virtues, individuals aim to
promote harmony and social order. Confucianism emphasizes
the idea that if each person strives to be a gentleman and
upholds these moral qualities, it will contribute to the
betterment of society as a whole.
 Population

There are This represents 0.09% The followers of

approximately 6.1 of the world's Confucianism are almost
million followers of population, or slightly all in China, although it
Confucianism less than 1%. has also spread regionally
to Vietnam, Korea, and
worldwide.
Japan.
T ha n k
Y o u ! !
Questio n Ti m e