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Expressions
 Expression
 Combination of one or more operators and operands

 Arithmetic operations
 Binary operations
 Addition(+), Subtraction(-), multiplication(*), Division(/)

 Remainder(%)
 Example: 17%4 = 1, 3%8 = 8

 Unary operations (rarely used)

 Example: -1; -4; +5
Result of an arithmetic
operation
 If either or both operands
 Used by an arithmetic operator are floating point

 Then the result is a floating point

 Result is floating point value

 If both or

 either operands are floating point values

 3.4 + 5 = 8.4
Division
 However, division operation is less intuitive
 If both operands are integer => integer division
 10/4 = 2

 If either or both are floating point=> floating point division

 10.0/4 and 10/4.0 and 10.0/4.0 are all 2.5
Operator precedence
 Expressions are evaluated
 according to operator precedence hierarchy

 It follows the same rules learned in Algebra

 Multiplications, divisions and remainder are performed
 Prior to addition, and subtraction

 Precedence can be forced by using parentheses

 (14+8)/2;

 Arithmetic operators with the same precedence

 Are evaluated from left to right
 Operator precedence (cont’d)
Precedence Operator Operation
Highest level
priority
1 + Unary plus
- Unary minus
2 * Multiplication
/ Division
% Remainder
3 + Addition
- Subtraction
4 = Assignment
Lowest
priority
Operator Precedence
 What is the order of evaluation in the following
expressions?

a + b + c + d + e a + b * c - d / e
1 2 3 4 3 1 4 2

a / (b + c) - d % e
2 1 4 3

a / (b * (c + (d - e)))
4 3 2 1
Assignment revisited
 The assignment operator
 Has a lower precedence than arithmetic operators

First the expression on the right hand

side of the = operator is evaluated

answer = sum / 4 + MAX * lowest;

4 1 3 2

Then the result is stored in the

variable on the left hand side
Assignment revisited (cont’d)
 The right and left sides of an assignment
 Can contain the same variable

First, one is added to the

original value of count

count = count + 1;

Then the result is stored back into count

(overwriting the original value)
Example
 Program (TempConverter)
 Converts a particular Celsius temperature value

 To its equivalent Fahrenheit value using the expression

9
Fahrenheit  Celsius  32
5
 See TempConverter.java
Increment and decrement a
variable
 There are three ways
 To increment or decrement a variable, it may appear
 On both the left-hand side and the right-hand side
 count = count +1; or count = count – 1;

 The left-hand side

 of an increment(++) or decrement(--) operator (postfix form)
 count++; or count–-;

 The right-hand side

 of an increment(++) or decrement(--) operator (prefix form)
 ++count; or -–count;
Increment and decrement
operators
 The increment and decrement operators use only
 One operand

 The increment operator (++) adds one to its operand

 As such, count++; <=> count = count + 1;

 The decrement operator (--) subtracts one from operand

 As such, count--; <=> count = count - 1;

 Increment and decrement operators can be used

 In postfix form : count++;

 or Prefix form: ++count;

Postfix and prefix forms
 When used alone
 the prefix and postfix forms are equivalent
 It doesn’t matter if you write
 count++; or ++count;

 In a larger expression
 they can yield different results
 Total = count++;

 Total = ++count;
Assignment operators: main
idea
 Often we perform
 An operation on a variable, and then

 Store the result back into that variable

 Java provides assignment operators

 To simplify that process

 For instance
 num += count;  num = num + count;
Assignment operators
 Many assignment operators are defined in JAVA
 += performs addition
 Total += 5; is equivalent to Total = Total + 5;

 -= performs subtraction
 result -= a + b; <=> result = result – (a + b);

 /= performs division
 highest /= 4; <=> highest = highest/4;

 *= performs multiplication
Behavior of assignment
operators
 The behavior of some assignment operators
 Depends on the types of the operands

 If the operands to the +=

 Are strings => operator performs string concatenation

 The behavior of an assignment operator (+=)

 is always consistent with the behavior of the

 corresponding operator (+)

Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
Graphics
Applets
Drawing Shapes
Data conversion
 Sometimes,
 It is convenient to convert data from
 one type to another

 For example
 in a particular situation we may want to treat
 An integer as a floating point value

 These conversions
 Do not change the type of a variable
 nor the value stored in it

 They only convert a value as part of a computation

 Data conversion
 Widening conversions
From To
 It is safe
 to convert from a byte type to a short byte short,int,long,
type
float,double
 Since byte is stored in 8 bits short int, long, float,
 whereas short in 16 bits
double
int long, float, or
 There is no loss of information, double
long float or double
 and the numeric value is preserved
exactly float double
 Data conversion (cont’d)
 Narrowing conversions From To
 Go from one type
 to a type that uses less space short byte

int byte, short

 As such, some of the information
 may be compromised
long byte, short, int

 In general, they must be avoided float byte, short, int,

long
double byte, short, int,
long, float
Conversion techniques
 In JAVA, conversion can occur in three ways
 Assignment conversion
 When a value of one type is assigned

 to a variable of another type

 Promotion
 When operators need to modify their operands

 in order to perform the right operation

 Casting
 The most general form of conversion
Assignment conversion
 Assignment conversion occurs
 When a value of one type
 is assigned to a variable of another type

 if money is a float variable and dollars is an int variable

 money = dollars=> dollars converted to float

 Only widening conversions can be accomplished

 Via an assignment

 Note that the value or type of dollars did not change

Conversion via promotion
 It occurs automatically
 When certain operators need
 to convert their operands to perform operations

 If sum is a float and count is an integer

 The value of count is converted to float to perform calculation

 result = sum/count;
Conversion using casting
 It is
 the most general form of conversion in JAVA

 a JAVA operator
 Specified by a type name in parentheses: (float) for instance

 placed in front of the value to be converted

 float money = 84.69;
int dollars;
dollars = (int) money; => dollars = 84
Casting: analysis
 Casting is the most powerful and dangerous

 Both widening and narrowing conversions

 Can be accomplished by casting a value

 To cast
 The type is put in parentheses in front of the value

 Being converted
Conversion using casting
(cont’d)
 It is helpful
 To treat a value temporarily as another type

 For example, if total and count are integers

 But we want a floating point result when dividing them
 int total, count;
float result;
result = (float) total / count;
Outline Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
Graphics
Applets
Drawing Shapes