Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• “man is of a bifurcated
nature”
• the body is bound to
die here on Earth and
the soul is to anticipate
living eternally in a
realm of spiritual bliss.
Thomas Aquinas
• the soul is what animates the
body; it is what makes us
humans.
• man is composed of two parts:
matter − Greek: hyle − means
“common stuff that makes up
everything in the universe − the
material things
form − Greek: morphe −
“essence of a substance of
thing” − it is what it is − ex: the
chairness of the chair/the idea
of a chair
Rene Descartes
• Father of Modern Philosophy
• The Meditations of First Philosophy
• cogito ergo sum “I think therefore, I
am” - don’t doubt yourself, I am
thinking therefore I exist
• body + mind
cogito (mind) − the thing that thinks
extenza (body) − extension of the
mind
• the body is nothing else that is
attached to the mind.
David Hume
• a Scottish philosopher
• an empiricist who
believes that one can
know only what comes
from senses and
experiences.
Immanuel Kant
• there are ideas that one
cannot find in the world,
but is built in our minds
that he calls
apparatuses of the
mind.
Gilbert Ryle
• what truly matters is the
behaviour that a man
manifests in his day-to- day
life.
• Self is not an entity one can
locate and analyse but
simply the convenient
name that people use to
refer to all the behaviours
that people make.
Merleau Ponty
• a phenomenologist
(who studies
phenomenon)
• mind and body are so
intertwined that they
cannot be separated
from one another.
• Thesis – the introduction of an idea
• Antithesis – criticize the introduced
idea
The Self, Society and Culture
The self is (according to Stevens, 1996):
separate
− it means the self is distinct from other selves
− the self is unique and has its own identity
self-contained and independent
− it is allowed to be self-contained with its own
thoughts, characteristics and volition
− It does not require any other selves for it to exist
The Self, Society and Culture
consistent
− it is allowed to be studies, described and
measured.
− consistency means that a particular self’s traits,
characteristics, tendencies, and potentialities are
more or less the same
The Self, Society and Culture
unitary
− self is the center of all experiences and thoughts
that run through a certain person
− it is where all the processes, emotions, and
thoughts converge.
The Self, Society and Culture
private
− each person sorts out information, feelings, and
emotions and thought processes within self
− self is isolated from the external world
The Social Constructionist perspective
• The self is always in participation
• we can adjust to any situations or any
environment we’re in
The Self and Culture
• every self has two faces (according to French
Anthropologist Marcel Mauss)
o moi − refers to a person’s sense of who he is, his body,
his basic identity, his biological givenness
− moi is a person’s basic identity
Personne
-composed of the social concepts of what it means to be
who he is
- how to behave in an institution, family, with expectations
and influences from others