2G Evolution, GSM Principle, Network Architecture

Multi Vendor Program Phase 2_Huawei
2G Evolution, GSM Principle, Network Architecture
Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-10

| EKNRJMM Manoj Kumar R | Uen | A | 2020-07-10 | Ericsson Internal | Page 1 of 80
what is GSM or 2G ?
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard,

developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
It is Developed by Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative of CEPT (Confederation
of European Posts and Telecommunications)
Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile communication “ in 1989
https://www.gsma.com/aboutus/history

GSM SERVICES
TELE SERVICES : Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
 Offered services
 Mobile telephony
 Emergency calling
BEARER SERVICES : Include various data services for information transfer between GSM and other networks
like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps
 Short Message Service (SMS) up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal
 Voice mailbox
SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES : Call related services

 Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset
 Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
 Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
 Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user
 Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together

Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 Features of GSM
Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 5 Handover & Interference
Chapter 6 Channel Concept
Chapter 7 GSM Protocol Stack
Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
Chapter 9 Call Flow

GSM system overview
 The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular
telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN).
 These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity
between different administrations, including operation across international boundaries.
 GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities.
 They are consistent with the world-wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension of the Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment.
 The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency
and a time slot number.
 Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each
group of radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each group of radios is called a CELL.
 Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD)
 Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots , several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

GSM system overview
CELLULAR TELEPHONY
A cellular telephone system links mobile subscribers into the public telephone system or to another cellular subscriber.
Information between the mobile unit and the cellular network uses radio communication. Hence the subscriber is able to move around and
become fully mobile.
The service area in which mobile communication is to be provided is divided into regions called cells.
Each cell has the equipment to transmit and receive calls from any subscriber located within the borders of its radio coverage area.
Cell Radio
Mobile subscriber

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Cell Definitions
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
Macro Cell
● In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not
efficient. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
● Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency
reuse technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of the network.

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Multiple Access Technique
Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :
1) FDMA
2) TDMA and
3) CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).

FDMA
Frequency FDMA uses different frequency channels to accomplish communication.

The whole frequency spectrum available is divided into many individual
channels (for transmitting and receiving) ， every channel can support the traffic
for one subscriber or some control information.
Time

TDMA
Frequency TDMA accomplishes the communication in different timeslot.

A carrier is divided into channels based on time. Different signals occupy
different timeslots in certain sequence , that is , many signals are transmitted
on the same frequency in different time.
Time

CDMA
Frequency CDMA accomplishes the communication in different code sequences.

Special coding is adopted before transmission, then different information
will lose nothing after being mixed and transmitted together on the same
frequency and at the same time.
Time

Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
 GSM systems use radio frequencies between 890-915 MHz for receive and between 935-960
MHz for transmit.
 RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 124 carriers for use.
 An RF carrier is a pair of radio frequencies, one used in each direction.
 Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated by 45 MHz.
Uplink Downlink
890 915 935 960MHz

Frequency Spectrum
Extended GSM(EGSM)
 EGSM has 10MHz of bandwidth on both transmit and receive.
 Receive bandwidth is from 880 MHz to 890 MHz.
 Transmit bandwidth is from 925 MHz to 935 MHz.
 Total RF carriers in EGSM is 50.
UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
880 890 915 925 935 960
UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 45MHZ

Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800
 DCS1800 systems use radio frequencies between 1710-1785 MHz for receive and
between 1805-1880 MHz for transmit.
 RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 373 carriers.
 Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated by 95 MHz.
Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit
1710 1785 1805

1880MHz
Frequency Spectrum

Chapter 9 Call Flow

Features of GSM

Features of GSM
INCREASED CAPACITY
 The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems.
 GSM allows 25 kHz per user, that is, eight conversations per 200 kHz channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and
one receive channel).
 Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from cells where the same frequencies
are re-used (co-channel interference).
 This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the reuse pattern.
AUDIO QUALITY
 Digital transmission of speech and high performance digital signal processors provide good quality speech transmission.
 Since GSM is a digital technology, the signals passed over a digital air interface can be protected against errors by using better
error detection and correction techniques.
 In regions of interference or noise-limited operation the speech quality is noticeably better than analogue.

Features of GSM
IMPROVED SECURITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
 GSM offers high speech and data confidentiality.
 Subscriber authentication can be performed by the system to check if a subscriber is a valid subscriber or not.
 The GSM system provides for high degree of confidentiality for the subscriber. Calls are encoded and ciphered when sent over air.
 The mobile equipment can be identified independently from the mobile subscriber. The mobile has a identity number hard coded
into it when it is manufactured. This number is stored in a standard database and whenever a call is made the equipment can be
checked to see if it has been reported stolen.
SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION
 In a GSM system the mobile station and the subscriber are identified separately.
 The subscriber is identified by means of a smart card known as a SIM.
 This enables the subscriber to use different mobile equipment while retaining the same subscriber number.

Features of GSM
ENHANCED RANGE OF SERVICES
 Speech services for normal telephony.
 Short Message Service for point to point transmission of text message.
 Cell broadcast for transmission of text message from the cell to all MS in its coverage area. Message like traffic
information or advertising can be transmitted.
 Fax and data services are provided. Data rates available are 2.4 Kb/s, 4.8 Kb/s and 9.6 Kb/s.
 Supplementary services like number identification , call barring, call forwarding, charging display etc can be provided.

Features of GSM
FREQUENCY REUSE
 There are total 124 carriers in GSM900 (additional 50 carriers are available in EGSM band).
 Each carrier has 8 timeslots and if 7 can be used for traffic then a maximum of 868 ( 124 X 7 ) calls can be made. This is not
enough and hence frequencies have to be reused.
 The same RF carrier can be used for many conversations in several different cells at the same time.
 The radio carriers available are allocated according to a regular pattern which repeats over
the whole coverage area.
 The pattern to be used depends on traffic requirement and spectrum availability.
 Some typical repeat patterns are 4*3,4*12, 7*21etc.
 The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in different places.
 The quality of communication must be ensured.

Chapter 9 Call Flow

GSM-GPRS Network Component
PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS
PCU
SS
7
BSC SMS system
MS
BTS
GPRS Backbone Internet,
SGSN Intranet
GGSN
OMC CG BG
Other PLMN

Interface Between Different Entities
PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
A
Abis BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS C/D/Gs
PCU
SS
Gb 7
BSC SMS system
MS Um Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
BTS
GPRS backbone Internet,
SGSN Gi Intranet
Ga GGSN
OMC CG BG
Gp Other PLMN

Interface Names
 Each interface specified in GSM has a name associated with it.
NAME INTERFACE
Um MS ----- BTS
Abis BTS ----- BSC
Ater BSC ----- TRC
A MSC ------ BSC
B MSC ------ VLR
C MSC ------ HLR
D VLR ----- HLR
E MSC ------ MSC
F MSC ------ EIR
G VLR ------ VLR
H HLR ------ AUC

Mobile Station - MS
 An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the mobile network. Several types of MSs
exist, each allowing the subscriber to make and receive calls.
 The range or coverage area of an MS depends on the output power of the MS. Different types of MSs
have different output power capabilities and consequently different ranges.
 GSM MSs consist of
●A mobile terminal (Mobiles are classified into five classes according to their power rating) SIM
●A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 In GSM the subscriber is separated from the mobile terminal. Each subscriber’s information is stored as
a “smart card” SIM. The SIM can be plugged into any GSM mobile terminal. This brings the
advantages of security and portability of subscribers.

Base Tran receiver Station-BTS
 The BTS network element consists of the hardware components, such as radios, interface modules
and antenna systems that provide the Air Interface between the BSS and the MS’s.
 The BTS provides radio channels (RF carriers) for a specific RF coverage area.
 The radio channel is the communication link between the MS’s within an RF coverage area and the
BSS.
 The BTS also has a limited amount of control functionality which reduces the amount of traffic
between the BTS and BSC.

Base Station Controller-BSC
 The BSC network element provides the control for the BSS.
 It controls and manages the associated BTSs, and interfaces with the Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC).
 The purpose of the BSC is to perform a variety of functions. The following comprise the functions provided by the BSC:
 Controls the BTS components.-
 Performs Call Processing.
 Performs Operations and Maintenance (O & M).
 Provides the O & M link (OML) between the BSS and the OMC.
 Provides the A Interface between the BSS and the MSC.
 Manages the radio channels on Abis Interface.
 Transfers signaling information to and from MS’s.

Chapter 9 Call Flow

Service Area
Service Area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...
Location area... Location area...

......
cell cell

LAI
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of India is “404” & “405”
MNC: Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of India Mobile is “01” & “98”
LAC: Location Area Code ， It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011

CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to identify
the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001

BSIC
BSIC （ Base Station Identification Color Code)
NCC BCC
BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring
PLMNs to be
distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned
the same
frequency! Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11
MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is “91”

NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of India
Telecom is 11, 120, 122, 124, 1258.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 91-120-0666-1234

IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI
MCC: Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of India is "404" 。
MNC: Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of Airtel Telecom is "02" 。
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification ， MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 404-02-666-9777001

TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication.

The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies
them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber on the
air interface is kept secret.
The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by the
operator.

IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI

Chapter 9 Call Flow

Handover
In a mobile communications network, the subscriber can move around. How can we maintain the connection in such cases?
To understand this, we must study the process of handing over the calls.
Maintaining the traffic connection with a moving subscriber is made possible with the help of the handover function. The basic
concept is simple: when the subscriber moves from the coverage area of one cell to another, a new connection with the target
cell has to be set up and the connection with the old cell has to be released.
There are two reasons for performing a handover:
1. Handover due to measurements occurs when the quality or the strength of the radio signal falls below certain
parameters specified in the BSC. The deterioration of the signal is detected by the constant signal measurements
carried out by both the mobile station and the BTS. As a consequence, the connection is handed over to a cell
with a stronger signal.
2. Handover due to traffic reasons occurs when the traffic capacity of a cell has reached its maximum or is
approaching it. In such a case, the mobile stations near the edges of the cell may be handed over to
neighboring cells with less traffic load.

Handover
There are four different types of handover
Inter cell - Intra BSC handover

Intra cell - Intra BSC handover
Inter cell - Inter BSC handover Inter cell - Inter MSC handover

Interference
 Interference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal.
Effects of Interference
 Interference is a major limiting factor in the performance of cellular systems.
 It causes degradation of signal quality.
 It introduces bit errors in the received signal.
 Bit errors are partly recoverable by means of channel coding and error correction mechanisms.
 The interference situation is not reciprocal in the uplink and downlink direction.
 Mobile stations and base stations are exposed to different interference situation.
Source of Interference
 Another mobile in the same cell.
 A call in progress in the neighboring cell.
 Other base stations operating on the same frequency.
 Any non-cellular system which leaks energy into the cellular frequency band.

TYPES OF INTERFERENCE
 There are two types of system generated interference
 Co-channel interference
 Adjacent channel interference
Co-Channel Interference
 This type of interference is the due to frequency reuse , i.e. several cells use the same set of frequency.
 These cells are called co-channel cells.
 Co-channel interference cannot be combated by increasing the power of the transmitter. This is because an increase in carrier transmit power increases the
interference to neighboring co-channel cells.
 To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells must be physically separated by a minimum distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation
or reduce the footprint of the cell.
Adjacent-Channel Interference
 Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called adjacent channel interference.
 Adjacent channel interference results from imperfect receiver filters which allow nearby frequencies to leak into the passband.
 Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through careful filtering and channel assignments.
 By keeping the frequency separation between each channel in a given cell as large as possible , the adjacent interference may be reduced considerably.

Chapter 9 Call Flow

Channel Concepts
Downlink
Uplink
Physical channel - Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel. Per carrier there are 8 physical
channels.
Logical channel - Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. There are different logical channels
depending on the information sent. The logical channels are of two types
• Traffic channel
• Control channel

Physical and Logical Channel
The physical channel is the medium over which
the information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
The logical channel consists of the information

carried over the physical channels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
Timeslot The
Theinformation
informationcarried
carriedininone
onetime
time
slot
slotisiscalled
calledaa“burst”
“burst”
TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME

Two types of Logical Channel
Traffic Channel (TCH) :
Transmits traffic information, include data and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :
Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of control information.

Logical Channel

Traffic Channel (TCH)
User Data Transmission:
Speech and data (not SMS) are transmitted using traffic channel (TCH).
Full Rate (TCH): Transmits full rate speech (13Kbits/sec). A full rate TCH occupies one
physical channel.
Half Rate (TCH/2): Transmits half rate speech (6.5Kbits/sec). Two half rate TCH’s can share
one physical channel, thus doubling the capacity of a cell.

BCH Channels
BCCH( Broadcast Control Channel )
• Downlink only
• Broadcasts general information of the serving cell called System Information
• BCCH is transmitted on timeslot zero of BCCH carrier
• Read only by idle mobile at least once every 30 sec.
SCH( Synchronization Channel )
• Downlink only
• Carries information for frame synchronization. Contains TDMA frame number and BSIC.
FCCH( Frequency Correction Channel )
• Downlink only.
• Enables MS to synchronies to the frequency.
• Also helps mobiles of the n cells to locate TS 0 of BCCH carrier.

Page50
CCCH Channels
RACH( Random Access Channel )
• Uplink only
• Used by the MS to access the Network.
AGCH( Access Grant Channel )
• Downlink only
• Used by the network to assign a signaling channel upon
successful decoding of access bursts.
PCH( Paging Channel )
• Downlink only.
• Used by the Network to contact the MS.

DCCH Channels
SDCCH( Standalone Dedicated Control Channel )
• Uplink and Downlink
• Used for call setup, location update and SMS.
SACCH( Slow Associated Control Channel )
• Used on Uplink and Downlink only in dedicated mode.
• Uplink SACCH messages - Measurement reports.
• Downlink SACCH messages - control info.
FACCH( Fast Associated Control Channel )
• Uplink and Downlink.
• Associated with TCH only.
• Is used to send fast messages like handover messages.
• Works by stealing traffic bursts.

Uplink Logical channel
CCH
RACH CCCH
SDCCH
SACCH DCCH DCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

Downlink Logical channel
FCCH
BCCH SCH
CCH BCCH
PCH
CCCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCCH SACCH
DCH FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

Bursts
Burst: The information contained in one time slot on the TDMA frame is call a Burst
• Unit of transmission ( about hundred modulated bits )

• Have finite duration
• Occupy a finite number of spectrum
• Sent in time and frequency windows ( Slots )
Burst Types:
• Normal Burst - It is used to transmit both information & control bits.

• Frequency Correction - It is used to transmit Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
• Synchronization Burst - Carries SCH channel, Enables MS to synchronies its timings with the BTS & Contains BSIC and TDMA Frame
number
• Access Burst - Carries RACH and FACCH channels & Used for Random and Handover access
• Dummy Burst - Transmitted on the unused timeslots of the BCCH carrier in the downlink & Quality monitoring

Normal Burst
FRAME1(4.615ms)
FRAME2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577ms
0.546ms
3 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits 3
Guard Tail Flag Training Flag Tail Guard

Data Data
Period Bits Bit sequence Bit Bits Period
(8.25 bits)
• Carries traffic channel and control channels BCCH, PCH, AGCH, SDCCH, SACCH and
FACCH.

Normal Burst
Data - Two blocks of 57 bits each. Carries speech, data or control info.
Tail bits - Used to indicate the start and end of each burst. Three bits always 000.
Guard period - 8.25 bits long. The receiver can only receive and decode if the burst is received within the timeslot designated for it.
Since the MS are moving. Exact synchronization of burst is not possible practically. Hence 8.25bits corresponding to about 30us is
available as guard period for a small margin of error.
Flag bits - This bit is used to indicate if the 57 bits data block is used as FACCH.
Training Sequence - This is a set sequence of bits known by both the transmitter and the receiver( BCC of BSIC). When a burst of
information is received the equalizer searches for the training sequence code. The receiver measures and then mimics the distortion
which the signal has been subjected to. The receiver then compares the received data with the distorted possible transmitted sequence
and chooses the most likely one.

Access Burst
FRAME1(4.615ms) FRAME2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577ms
8 41 bits 36 bits 3 68.25 bits
Guard Tail Synchronization Encrypted Tail Guard

Period Bits Bits Sequence Bits Period
• Carries RACH and FACCH channels.
• Used for Random and Handover access

Frequency Correction Burst
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577ms
0.546ms
3 142 bits 3
Guard Tail Tail Guard

Fixed Data
Period Bits Bits Period
(8.25 bits)
• Carries FCCH channel.
• Made up of 142 consecutive zeros.
• Enables MS to correct its local oscillator locking it to that of the BTS.

Synchronisation Burst
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577ms
0.546ms
Guard Tail Encrypted Synchronisation Encrypted Tail Guard

Period Bits Bits Sequence Bits Bits Period
• Carries SCH channel. (8.25 bits)
• Enables MS to synchronies its timings with the BTS.
• Contains BSIC and TDMA Frame number.

Dummy Burst
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577ms
0.546ms
Guard Tail Flag Training Flag Tail Guard

Data Data
Period Bits Bit sequence Bit Bits Period
• Transmitted on the unused timeslots of the BCCH carrier in the downlink.

Frames
26 TDMA frame multiframe : Used to carry traffic channels. TCH,SACCH and FACCH.
51 TDMA frame multiframe : Used to carry control channels BCCH,CCCH,SDCCH and SACCH.

Chapter 9 Call Flow

GSM Protocol Stack
- In any telecommunication system, signaling is required to coordinate the necessarily distributed functional entities of the network.
- The transfer of signaling information in GSM follows the layered OSI model
Layer 1: Physical Layer

● Radio Transmission
Layer 2: Data Link Layer (DLL)

● provides error-free transmission between adjacent entities, based on the ISDN’s LAPD
protocol for the Um and Abis interfaces, and on SS7’s Message Transfer Protocol (MTP) for
the other Layer interfaces
Layer 3: Networking or Messaging Layer

● Responsible for the communication of network resources, mobility, code format and call-
related management messages between various network entities

GSM Protocol Stack
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
TDMA/FDMA

GSM Protocol Stack
 Um
 Radio interface between MS and
BTS
 each physical channel supports a
number of logical channels
 Abis
 Between BTS and BSC
 primary functions: traffic channel transmission, terrestrial
 A channel management, and radio channel management
 Between BSC and MSC
 primary functions: message transfer between different
BSCs to the MSC

Layer 1: Physical Layer (MS Side) Radio transmission forms this Layer
Modulation Techniques – Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Channel Coding
 Block Code
Convolutional Code

Interleaving
 To distribute burst error
Power control methodology – to minimize the co-channel interference
Time synchronization approaches
GMSK

Layer II: Data Link Layer (DLL)
Error-free transmission between adjacent entities
 Connection-based Network
 Traffic
 Signaling and Control
 Signaling and control data are conveyed through Layer II and
Layer III messages in GSM
 Purpose of Layer II is to check the flow of packets for Layer III
 DLL checks the address and sequence # for Layer III
 Also manages Acks for transmission of the packets

Layer III: Networking or Messaging Layer
Layer 3 protocols are used for the communication of network resources, mobility, code format and call-related management messages between various network entities
Radio Resource Management (RR) :

Mobility Management (MM) and
Connection Management (CM).
MM
- Location management involves the procedures and
signaling for location updating, so that the mobile’s current
location is stored at the HLR, allowing incoming calls to
be properly routed.
- Security involves the authentication of the mobile, to prevent unauthorized access to the network, as well as the encryption of all radio link traffic.
- The protocols in the MM layer involve the SIM, MSC, VLR, and the HLR, as well as the AuC (which is closely tied with the HLR).
CM functional layer is divided into three sub layers.

- Call Control (CC)
- Supplementary Services
- Short Message Service
Call Control (CC) sub layer
- manages call routing, establishment, maintenance, and release, and is closely related to ISDN call control.
Supplementary Services sub layer
- manages the implementation of the various supplementary services (Call Forwarding/waiting/hold ), and also allows users to access and modify their service subscription.
Short Message Service sub layer

- handles the routing and delivery of short messages, both from and to the mobile subscriber.

Chapter 9 Call Flow

General packet radio service-GPRS
 The first phase of GSM network architecture enhancements that allow mobiles to connect to IP or X.25 networks.
 Characteristics of GPRS:
 Packet-switched
 Data rate: 9Kbps ~ 150Kbps
 New functionalities: point-to-point data transferring, routing, logical link management, radio resource
management
 Modulation: GMSK

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
Characteristics
 Uses 200kHz carrier/multi-slot operation, time slot structure
 Modulation: 8PSK(8-phase Shift Keying) modulation(3bits per modulated symbol) <-> apposed to the 1-bit
per symbol GMSK in GSM/GPRS
 Data rates: 384Kbps

Chapter 9 Call Flow

Call Flow
 IMSI Attached
 IMSI Detached
 Normal Location Update
 Periodic Location Update
 Mobile Originated Sequence
 Mobile Terminated Sequence

Mobile Originated Sequence
MS BSS MSC HLR
1 CHANNEL REQUEST VLR PSTN
DCCH ASSIGN Signaling Link
Signaling Link Granted
request
SIGNALING LINK
ESTABLISHED
Channel request
2 REQ. FOR SERVICE
3 AUTHENTICATION
SET Cipher MODE
Setup Voice Call

4 SET-UP
Dailed digits …+91 40 66235307
5 EQUIP. ID REQ.
6 COMPLETE CALL
CALL PROCEEDING Call setup is in Process

Mobile Originated Sequence
VLR HLR
MS BSS MSC
7 ASSIG. COMMAND PSTN
Switch from Signaling
ASSIG. COMPLETE Mode to Voice
+91 40 66235307
8.Initial and Final Address Switch routes the call to PSTN
Message (IFAM)
PSTN indicates to Switch
Address Complete(ACM)
Called Subscriber Informed Via Ring
<
Alerting Ring Alert
MS hears Passed to Mobile
ring
tone from land Called Subscriber Answered
phone
9 Answer (ANS)Connect
Switch Informs
Ring tone Call Answered
stops
10 Connect Acknowldge Acknowledge Call

Hi RK
Answered received
Speech Started
BILLING STARTS

Mobile Terminated Sequence
AP Vodafone AP Airtel
MS BSS MSC HLR GMSC GMSC
VLR
Initial and Final MSISDN
1 Address Message +91 9885 xxxxxx
MSISDN
IMSI +91 9885 xxxxxx
2 Send Routing Info
404 13 xxxxxxxxxx
3 Routing Info Ack
Initial and Final MSRN MSRN

Address 091 9885 xxxxxx (roaming number)
Message
MSRN
091 9885 xxxxxx (roaming number)
4 Send Info For I/C
Call Setup
MSRN
5 Page
Paging Request <PCH>
TMSI) TMSI) LAI & TMSI)
LAI – 404 13 location Area Code

Mobile Terminated Sequence
AP Vodafone AP Airtel
MS BSS MSC HLR GMSC GMSC
6 Assignment VLR
Command
Call Setup Request
Assignment Call Setup Confirmed
Ring Tone at
Complete Ringtone Alert Acknowledge the Other
Alert Mobile
Address Complete
7 Connect Mobile Subscriber Answered

Ringing stops
Subscriber at Other
picks up Mobile
Connect ACK ANS Billing

starts
Speech Started Hello...


2G Evolution, GSM Principle, Network Architecture

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2G Evolution, GSM Principle, Network Architecture

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Multi Vendor Program Phase 2_Huawei

2G Evolution, GSM Principle, Network Architecture

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-10

Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard,

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-10

SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES : Call related services

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Frequency FDMA uses different frequency channels to accomplish communication.

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Frequency TDMA accomplishes the communication in different timeslot.

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Frequency CDMA accomplishes the communication in different code sequences.

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

890 915 935 960MHz

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES

880 890 915 925 935 960

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 45MHZ

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

Location area... Location area...

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

MCC MNC LAC

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC: Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

CGI: Cell Global Identification

The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

BSIC （ Base Station Identification Color Code)

NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is “91”

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

MCC MNC MSIN

MCC: Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)

The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication.

Manoj Kumar EGIL 2020-07-11

IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification