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Food
WELCOME
Genetically Modified
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Saraf Uddin Yeahyea Sarker Faruk-a-Azam Masud Rana

1642CSE00566 1642CSE00575 1642CSE00570 1642CSE00576
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What
Why
How

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 1983 1994 1996 1997
1 2 3 4
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The first
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GM Maize
genetical
ly In May 1994 The first GM was grown for
modified USA soybeans the first time
plant – a marketed in the US and
were planted
tobacco Falvr Savr Canada.
plant in the US.
tomato.
 2002 2004 2010
5 6 7
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Philippines’
Department Golden Rice European
of Agriculture underwent its Commission
first field test. approves BASF’s
approved the ‘Amflora’ GM
propagation potato for
and commercial starch
production.
importation
of Bt corn.
 First Generation crops
They have enhanced input traits, such as herbicide tolerance, better insect
resistance and better tolerance to environmental stress.
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Second Generation crops
They have new traits to increase their benefits to consumers, such as
increased levels of protein ,modified or helthier fats,modified
carbohydrates, increased flavor.

Third Generation crops

These GM foods are in the research pipeline. These plants may have traits that can provide
increased ability to resist abiotic stress such as drought, increased temperature or saline
soils.
DNA
 Enzymes

Restriction Enzyme Ligase

 DNA
Transmission
 DNA
Transmission
GMO
 Characteristics
Resistance to Increased health
pets & Harmful & medical
factors. ♗
6 1 ♘ benefits.
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Resistance to Increased

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pesticide, 5 2 nutritional
herbicide etc.♖ ♙ values.

Resistance to Increased
disease & 4 3 output of
virus. ♔ ♜ crops.
Health and Safety Concerns of GM Foods for Human
Consumption
The WHO has identified the following issues of concern for human health
with respect to genetically modified foods:
1)Allergenicity:
•GM foods have the potential to cause allergic reactions in general; this risk is
comparable to the risks associated with traditionally grown foods.
•However, the proteins produced by any newly introduced genes have the
potential to cause an additional allergic response (USDA, 2013).
•To prevent such allergenicity, the transfer of genes from commonly
allergenic foods is discouraged unless it can be proven that the protein
produced by the introduced gene will not be allergenic (WHO, 2013)
•Another potential risk is the introduction of an entirely new protein that did
•not previously exist in the food chain.
Contd….
2) Gene Transfer
•Another potential concern arising from GE foods is the transfer of genetic
material from GE foods to the cells of the human body or the bacteria in the
intestinal tract.
•DNA from ingested food is not completely degraded by digestion and small
fragments of DNA from GM foods, have been found in different parts of
the gastrointestinal tract.
•This could result in horizontal gene transfer due to absorption of DNA
fragments by gut microflora or somatic cells lining the intestinal cells.
•Scientists however, have postulated that uptake of GM DNA into the cells
of the gastrointestinal tract will not have any biological consequences
because this DNA will be degraded in the cells.
Contd….
3) Increase in Anti-nutrients
Anti-nutrients are substances that interfere with the utilization of nutrients.
The insertion of a new gene may lead to an increase in the existing levels of
anti-nutrients.
For example, glyphosate resistant Roundup Ready soybean has been shown
to increase anti-nutrients.
In sheep and cattle, heat-stable anti-nutrients such as phytoestrogens,
glucinins, and phytic acid have been found to cause infertility, allergic
reactions, and decreased availability of phosphorus and zinc, respectively
(Dona and Arvanitoyannis, 2009).
Contd….
4) Use of Viral DNA in Plants
Most GM crops utilize the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter
(CaMV35S) to switch on the introduced gene.
There is controversy as to whether CaMV35S could be horizontally
transferred and cause disease via carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, reactivation of
dormant viruses, or generation of new viruses.
Some scientists believe that CaMV found in foods is not infectious and
cannot be absorbed by mammals.
Some scientists also point out that humans have been ingesting CaMV and
its 35S promoter in high amounts and it has never caused any disease or
recombined with other viruses (Dona and Arvanitoyannis, 2009).
01
Pest Resistance
Growing GM foods such as Bt
corn can help eliminate the...
Disadvantages
Reduced effectiveness
of pesticides 04
Disease Resistance
02

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Plant biologists are working to

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create plants with genetically-

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engineered…

Gene-transfer to
non- target 05
Species
Nutrition
03 “Golden" rice containing an
unusually high content of beta-
carotene

Harm to other
organisms 06
Advantages
 Advantages
• Pest Resistance
– Growing GM foods such as Bt
corn can help eliminate the
application of chemical pesticides
and reduce the cost of bringing a
crop to market.
(Moellenbeck ,2001)
• Disease Resistance
– Plant biologists are working to create
plants with genetically- engineered
resistance to these diseases ( Dahleen,
2001)
Advantages
• Drought/ Salinity Tolerance
– Grow crops in formerly inhospitable
places (Tang, 2000)
• Nutrition
– “Golden" rice containing an unusually
high content of beta- carotene
(vitamin A)
GM Foods are pro-
LIFE
• Environment
– "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
– Conservation of soil, water, and energy
– Better natural waste management
– More efficient processing

• Society
– Increased food security for growing populations
 GM Foods are pro-
•LIFE
Agriculture
– Crops have enhanced taste and quality
– Reduced maturation time
– Increased nutrients, and stress tolerance
– Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides
– New products and growing techniques
 Figure 1. Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2011 (Million
Hectares) Source: Clive James, 2011.
In 2011, the global area of biotech crops continued to increase for the 16th year at
a sustained growth rate of 8% or 12 million hectares (30 million acres), reaching
160 million hectares or 395 million acres
Disadvantages
• Harm to other organisms
– Bt corn caused high mortality rates in monarch butterfly
caterpillars. (Losey ,1999)
• Reduced effectiveness of pesticides
– Many are concerned that insects will become resistant to
crops that have been genetically-modified.
• Gene-transfer to non- target Species
– Crop plants engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds
will cross-breed (Knoblauch, 1999)
– “Superweeds” (Gresel J. , 1999)
In what areas do GM foods do not promote happiness
and value life?
Downside of GM Foods

GM foods directly impact the very people who grow the

products – farmers. In fact, farmers can often be forgotten in
all of the controversy surrounding GM crops, yet they play
such an enormous and important role in bringing food to our
table, whether those crops are GM ones or conventional foods.
PUBLIC CONCERN ABOUT GM
FOOD
Conclusion
GM foods can solve many
problems in our world today
especially starvation but we
cannot ignore the down side
of this technology. However,
we do believe that in time,
when there are enough
studies conducted, scientists
can assure the safety of GM
foods.
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