State, nations &
Globalization
Quarter 1- Module 4
•Lesson 1- Concept of State
•Lesson 2 Difference between State &
Nation
•Lesson 3- Globalization as a context of
relations among nation-state
Guide Questions:
[Link] do you think
states have these
element? Elements
of the
[Link] among State
these elements id
the most
important
A STATE is
1) a body of _________ 2) having
_____________ 3) with the power to make
and enforce and 4) an _____________ to
do this.
• STATE is taken from the Latin word stare
meaning to stand.
• It is a political community that has
sovereign jurisdiction over a clearly defined
territory, and exercises authority through
several institutions, including the
government.
• It is also defined as a self-governing entity.
The term state can be used interchangeably
with the country
5 Features of a State (Heywood, 2013):
The state is sovereign. It exercises absolute
power. Thomas Hobbes identified the state as a
“leviathan”.
State institutions are public.
The state is an exercise in legitimation.
The state is an instrument of domination. State
authority is backed up by coercion. For Max
Weber, the state was defined by its monopoly of
the means of “legitimate violence”.
• The state is a territorial association.
Elements of the State
1. People – the
organization of human
beings living together
as a community. Also
known as population
or inhabitants. 2. Territory – refers to
the land, sea, and
airspace the state
exercises jurisdiction
on.
Elements of the State
3. SOVEREIGNTY – refers to • Characteristics of Sovereignty
supreme and absolute power
within its territorial boundaries. - Is absolute from the legal point
of view
Types of Sovereignty - Is permanent
1. Internal is the power of the - Sovereignty of the state is
universal
state to rule within its territory.
- Is inalienable
2. External is the freedom of the
state to carry out its activities - Cannot be divided between or
without subjection to or shared by a plurality
control by other states - Is exclusive
• 4. Government – refers to the institution or agency or
instrumentalities through which the state maintains social
order, provide public services, and
• enforces binding decisions.
Forms of Government
• 1. According to Distribution of Power
• 2. According to Citizen participation
• 3. According to Legitimacy
• 4. According to Executive and Legislative
Relationship
Forms of Government
• 1. According to Distribution of Power
a. Unitary. Government power is held by one central
authority.
Ex. Philippines, Denmark, Italy, Finland, Peru, Rwanda
b. Confederation. It is a voluntary association of independent states that often only
delegate a few powers to the central government. Weak or loose organization of
states agrees to follow a powerful central government.
• Ex. The Commonwealth of Independent State (CIS) formerly known as
Soviet Union, Switzerland’s canton system.
c. Federal. Government power is divided between one central and several regional
authorities.
• Ex. Malaysia, USA, Nigeria, Australia
Forms of Government
2. According to Citizen participation
a. Autocracy. Form of government wherein one person possesses
unlimited power. The citizen has limited, if any, role in the
government. The leader is from a family or from a social class or
from a strong party.
Forms of Autocratic Government
1. Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship. The ideas of a single
leader glorified.
Government tries to control all aspect of social and economic
life. The government is not responsible to the people. Thus, the
people lack the power to limit their rulers.
Ex. Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin
•has a limited power as mandated by the constitution.)
•
Forms of Government
2. According to Citizen participation
a. Autocracy. Form of government wherein one person possesses
unlimited power. The citizen has limited, if any, role in the
government. The leader is from a family or from a social class or
from a strong party.
Forms of Autocratic Government
2. Absolute Monarchy. The king, queen or emperor exercises the
supreme and unlimited powers of government wherein the
position is usually
inherited. Absolute monarch rules by divine right are rare today
but from the 1400s to the 1700s they ruled most of Western
Europe.
Ex. King of Saudi Arabia
•(The counterpart of absolute monarchy is limited monarchy
wherein the ruler
Forms of Government
2. According to Citizen participation
b. Oligarchy. It is the government by the few.
Sometimes a small group exercises control,
especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The
group gets its power from military power, wealth,
religion, or a combination. In here, the citizen has a
very limited role. Thus, political opposition is
usually suppressed-sometimes violently.
Ex. Communist countries such as China. Leaders in
the party and armed
forces control government. has a limited power as
mandated by the constitution.)
Forms of Government
2. According to Citizen participation
•c. Democracy. It is a government base on the consent of the
governed. The people are the sovereign, thus, they hold the
highest political authority. Citizens have freedom to criticize
their leaders because they are the one who elected them in the
position. People have a high degree of participation in every
government processes.
Democracy has two forms:
Indirect democracy or representative democracy is a form of
democratic government wherein the people directly elect their
leader who will govern the and perform governmental functions;
and
Direct democracy is a form of government wherein the people
will convene in a mass assembly and directly formulate and
expressed will of the state.
Forms of Government
•3. According to Legitimacy
a. De jure. It is a form of government wherein
it has the people’s support and possess
constitutional mandate. Therefore, it is a
legitimate government.
b. De facto. It is a form of government
supported by the people but no constitutional
mandate or legal support.
Forms of Government
• 4. According to Executive and Legislative
Relationship
• a. Presidential. A form of government in which
executive branch exists separately from the
legislative. The president is constitutionally
independent of the legislature because they are
elected directly by the people.
• b. Parliamentary. A form of government in
which members of an executive branch (the cabinet
and its leader – a prime minister, premier, or
chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a
legislature or parliament, and are directly
responsible to it.
