STATES, NATIONS, AND

GLOBALIZATIONS
Ralph Romeo A. Araño

Philippine Politics and Good Governance

 STATE
-taken from the Latin word, “stare”,
meaning, “to stand”.
-a political community that occupies a
definite territory; having an organized
government with the authority to make
and enforce laws without the consent
of a higher authority.
4 ELEMENTS OF
THE STATE
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

1. People – population or inhabitants in the society.

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

2. Territory
– refers to portion of the Earth which composed
of:

a. Aerial (air space above)

b. Fluvial (waters around and connecting the
islands of the archipelago), and;
c. Terrestrial (landmass) domains.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Maritime Terms – United Nation Convention of Law on the
Seas (UNCLOS)
a. Territorial Sea
-coastal states have sovereignty, including fishing rights
-12 nautical miles

b. Contiguous Zone
-can enforce its customs, immigration, and sanitation laws
and “hot pursuit out of its territorial waters.
-24 nautical miles
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Maritime Terms:
c. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
-state has recognized rights to explore, exploit, conserve, and
manage the natural resources
-200 nautical miles

d. Continental Shelf
-countries have exclusive rights to natural resources up to 350
nautical miles
-24 nautical miles
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Maritime Terms:
e. High Seas
-beyond Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
-“common heritage of humankind”
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
3. Sovereignty – refers to supreme and absolute
power within its territorial boundaries.

2 Types of Sovereignty:
1. Internal – power of the state to rule within its
territory
2. External – freedom of the state to carry out
its activities without subjection to or control by
other states.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
4. Government – refers to institution or agency or
instrumentalities through which the state maintains
social order, provide public services, and enforces
binding decisions.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
a. AUTOCRACY
-form of government wherein one person possesses
unlimited power
-citizen has limited power/role in government
-leader can be from a family or a social class

MONARCHY – government in which the supreme

power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who
reigns over a state or territory for life or hereditary.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Forms of Autocratic Government
1. ABSOLUTE OR TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP
-ideas of a single leader is “glorified”
-Government takes control of all aspects of social and
economic life.
-”not responsible to the people”, people lack power to
limit their leaders

E.g. Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Joseph Stalin

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Forms of Autocratic Government
2. ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
-King, Queen, or Emperor exercises supreme and unlimited
powers
-position is inherited
-rules by divine right
-counterpart is Limited Monarchy (limited power mandated in
the constitution.

E.g. Saudi Arabia, England, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan, Sweden

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Forms of Autocratic Government
b. OLIGARCHY
-“government by the few”
-a small group exercises control, especially for corrupt and
selfish purposes
-source of power are from military, social, status, wealth,
religion, or a combination
-citizens have limited role

E.g. Communist countries – (China and Russia) Iran, and

arguably, U.S.A
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Forms of Autocratic Government
c. DEMOCRACY
-government based on the consent of the governed
-people are the sovereign and hold the highest political
authority
-citizens have freedom to criticize their leaders
-people have high degree of participation

E.g. Norway, Iceland, New Zealand, Finland, Denmark,

Australia, Germany, Spain, France, South Korea
ORIGINS OF STATE
1. Evolution Theory
-state evolved from family units
-families grew into a large extended family that the
heads of the family served as a government
-families evolved to tribal councils with a hierarchy
of authority
ORIGINS OF STATE
2. Force Theory
-Governments emerged when people were brought
under the control of some power
-states emerged from the conquest of other families
or tribes
ORIGINS OF STATE
3. Divine Right
-the belief that Kings are the “Chosen ones” to rule
the Ancient states by a deity
-the idea is used by royalty as the justification for the
absolute domination
-to question the King was not only Treason but seen
as a “sin” against God.
ORIGINS OF STATE

4. Social Contract
-existed during the 17th Century and the Age
of Enlightenment
-people begin to challenge the monarch and
the idea of Divine Right.
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