Lecture 1: What is Globalization?

1. Globalization is a phenomenon.
- It is an event
- It is something on the history timeline
- It’s like a war, an earthquake, a king’s reign, or any other happening on the history time
line
- It is a phenomenon on the “contemporary times” in the history timeline

2. Globalization is a process.
- It is not something that happened in a zap
- On the history timeline, it is from point A to point B; not point A only
- A process undergoes different stages, from early stage to advanced stage
- So does globalization, it always has a point of origin

3. Globalization has drivers.

- There are reasons why globalization takes place
- We call them drivers
- These can be events, people, etc. that served as stimuli or spark for the globalization
process to start rolling
- There is no single one driver of globalization, it is a combination of several factors

4. Globalization involves collapsing of borders.

- Not necessarily borderlines between countries
- Breaking down figurative walls that divide interaction between and among individuals,
nations and governments

5. Globalization involves shrinking of the world.

- Not that the planet gets smaller physically size
- It means that individuals, nations, and governments have ease in interactions
- Example: communication, transportation, business, education

6. Globalization is geographic.
- Some places on earth experience it, some don’t
- Some people are affected by it, some people are not
- Example: The Gods Must Be Crazy movie

7. Globalization is inevitable.
- Globalization spreads from one place to another
- But since globalization is a process, there will come a time when all places and people on
earth will experience it
- It cannot be avoided
- We must prepare for it

In summary, globalization is…

- An event
- A process
 - Driven by many factors
- Collapsing of boarders
- Shrinking of the world
- Geographic
- Inevitable

Lecture 2: State and Nation

State and Nation

- For laymen, these 2 terms are synonymous.

- But for contemporary world students, there is a big difference

THE STATE

- Definition: a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite

portion of territory, possessing an organized government to which the great body of the
inhabitants render habitual obedience, and free or nearly so from external control

4 Elements of State:
 People
- Mass of population living within the state
- No people, no state
- Take the case of Antarctica
- Smallest state in terms of population – Vatican (900 registered residents)
- Largest state in terms of population – China (2 billion registered residents)
- Philippine population as of 2016 – 100 million

 Territory
- The land that the people occupy
- No land, no state…even if there are people
- Take the case of the Jews one century ago. They were scattered all over the world.
- It was only in 1948 when the UN assigned a piece of land in the Middle East to be the
homeland of the Jews.
- Smallest state in terms of territory – Vatican (0.44 sq. kms.) – Luneta is bigger
- Largest in terms of territory – Canada (9.97 million sq. kms.)
- Philippines – 300,000 sq. kms.

 Government
- The agency through which the will of the state is expressed, formulated or carried out;
usually named after the name of the country
- Example: Philippine government, US government
- The organization of leaders running the show
- No government, no state…even if there are people and territory

 Sovereignty
- Synonymous freedom
- No sovereignty, no state…even if there are people, territory or government
 - Example of territories without sovereignty: Tibet, Guam, Samoa

2 aspects of Sovereignty

 Internal Sovereignty
- When people obey their government.
 External Sovereignty
- Freedom from external control
- Example: China is controlling Tibet; therefore, Tibet is not a state
- Example: USA is controlling Guam; therefore, Guam is not a state

- Sovereignty also means independence

- When we were still a Spanish colony, we don’t have independence
- Therefore, the Philippines was not yet a STATE at that time
- Hong Kong isn’t independent. China governs it.

NATION

- Definition: A group of people bound together by common characteristics (like physical

attributes, language, origin, traditions), and who believe that they are one and distinct from
others
- Nation is different from State
- Nation is nation, even though they may not have territory, government or sovereignty
- Nation is synonymous to “people”
- The Filipino nation is the Filipino people
Example of Nation:
Japanese Nation
- Common physical traits
- Common language
- Common traditions
- Belief that they are one (all Japanese are one)
- Beliefs that they are distinct from others (from the Chinese and Koreans)

One state, one nation

-Thailand, Japan

One state, many nations inside it

-The State of Israel

-Has the Jewish nation and the Palestinian nation inside its territory

One nation, many states

-The Korean nation

-2 states – North Korea, South Korea
-The Arab nation
-Several States – Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan
Lecture 3: Forms of Government

ANARCHY – a country without a government; absence of government

We need government for…

 Protection of society and its members

- Security of people
- Security of property
- Administration of justice
- Preservation of state from external danger
- Dealing with foreign powers
- Advancement of physical, social, and cultural well-being of people

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

Many dichotomies

- Dichotomy 1: Based on Freedom and Rights of People

- Dichotomy 2: Based on Number of Rulers
- Dichotomy 3: Based on Extent of Powers of the Central Government
- Dichotomy 4: Based on the Relationship of the Branches of Government

States may adopt combinations of these dichotomies

A. BASED ON FREEDOM AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE

 Democracy
- people are powerful in the sense that they have a voice in running the government
- they have wide range of rights and liberties
- people have freedom to be who they want to be
- free market economy, capitalism
 Communism
- Government has full control of the political and economic lives of the people
- Equal distribution of wealthy. No rich, no poor.
- People have no/very limited rights and liberties
- One cannot criticize the government
- Government assigns jobs to citizens
- Salaries are uniform and food is sometimes rationed
- Why? For equal distribution of wealth

B. BASED ON NUMBER OF RULERS

 One person
- also called as autocracy
 Monarchy
- Rule of the Monarch
- Monarch – king or queen
- Other states may have a different title – Emperor, Sultan, Czar, etc.
- The Monarch is royal-blooded
 Absolute Monarchy
- The monarch has absolute power
 - What he says is the law of the land
 Constitutional Monarchy
- There is a constitution
- There is a parliament doing the nitty-gritty of governance
- The monarch is just a figure-head
 Fascism
- Rule of a dictator
- Everything for the glory of the state
 Many persons
- Various forms of government
 Aristocracy
- Rule of the Aristocrats
- “Rule of the best”
- Happened in ancient Greece
- A group of people ruled each polis (city)
 Oligarchy
- Rule of the Oligarchs
- Small group of non-royal-blooded people
- Compared to the aristocrats, the oligarchs are not the best in society
- They are usually selfish, corrupt, and gluttons of wealth, pride, and power
 Democracy
- Rule of the people
 Direct democracy
- All people decide matters in a meeting
- Also called as Pure Democracy
 Indirect democracy
- People select representatives, then the representatives meet together to
decide matters
- Also called as Representative Democracy
 Communism
- A Central Committee runs the government

C. BASED ON THE EXTENT OF POWERS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

 Unitary
- the national government is in-charge of all affairs
- national government tells the local governments what to do
- Examples: Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore
 Federal
- There is a national government which takes care of national affairs
- The state is also divided into FEDERAL UNITS
- Each Federal Unit is governed by a FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
- Each Federal Government is supreme in its own sphere, having its own set of
legislature, laws, and other agencies
- Example: USA, Germany
 D. BASED ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES OF
GOVERNMENT

3 Branches of the Government

1. Legislative
- Makes laws
- The senators and congressman/assemblymen
2. Executive
- Implements the laws
- The President/Prime Minister, cabinet, LGU
3. Judiciary
- Convicts or acquits people accused of law-breaking
- The judges

Head of Government and Head of State

1. Head of Government
- The person who is really in-charge and responsible for running the nitty-gritty of
governance
2. Head of State
- The person who symbolically represents the state. He may be the head of government
at the same time; or he may be another person aside from the head of the government

 Presidential
- the leader is the PRESIDENT
- the Head of Government is ALSO the Head of State
- He is elected by direct democracy
- He is independent of the legislative
- In the same way, the legislative is also independent from the President (Chief executive)
 Parliamentary
- the leader is the PRIME MINISTER
- He is the Head of the Government
- There may be another person who is the Head of the State (like the King)
- The Prime Minister (PM) is elected by indirect democracy
- People elect members of the Parliament. Then Parliament select the PM among
themselves
- Since the process involves indirect democracy, the PM is a creation of the Legislative/
the Parliament
- The legislative can fire the PM anytime
- Examples: UK, Canada, Japan, Malaysia

CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

- Democratic
- Presidential
 - Unitary

Political Globalization
Part 1: From Patriarchy to Monarchy
How the Nomadic Societies evolved into City-States, Kingdoms and Empires

PRIMITIVE TIMES
In the beginning….

- Nomadic families and clans

- Hunting and gathering
- Decisions made by head of the clan
- Patriarchy

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
Then the people learned agriculture….
- Agricultural revolution
- Domestication of animals (instead of hunting)
- Cultivation of crops (instead of gathering)
- Clans settled beside rivers
- Mesopotamia, Nile, Indus, Huang-Ho
- Permanent settlements (no longer nomadic)
- People built cities beside the great rivers

ANCIENT TIMES – Rise of City-States, Kingdoms, and Empires

RISE OF “CITY-STATES”
 Cities governed by a powerful person whom the people acknowledge as their political leader
 Leaders protect their people and the city-state from raiders and rival city-states
 The leader is a strong ma-of-war

RISE OF KINGDOMS
 City-states evolved into kingdoms
 Formation of social classes
 Leader’s clan became the top class, the nobility
 Monarchy established: inherited leadership
 Taxation began

RISE OF EMPIRES
 Kingdoms invade other kingdoms
 One emperor ruling several kingdoms
 Vassal-kings and governors under the emperor
Example of Ancient Empires
In the Middle East:
 Babylonian Empire
 Persian Empire
 Greek Empire
  Roman Empire

In Central Asia:
 Mongol Empire

In Southeast Asia:
 Khmer Empire
 Srivijaya Empire

In the Americas:
 Maya Empire
 Aztec Empire
 Inca Empire

Examples of Empires during the Middle Ages

In the Middle East:
 Islamic Empire

In Europe:
 Byzantine Empire
 Holy Roman Empire

AGE OF MERCANTILISM

- Quest for gold and spices

- The more gold, the more powerful
- Spices for food preservation
- Let to the exploration and discovery of new lands
- Western European kingdoms built overseas empires
In Europe:
 Spanish Empire
 Portuguese Empire
 Dutch Empire
 French Empire
 British Empire
 Belgian Empire

- Monarchy continued to be the political order

- Emperors rules their motherland in Europe, plus their colonies in other continents
World Order:
o Europe – seat of power
o Asia, Africa, Americas – subdued people and authorities
o Australia – penal colony of the British
 Political Globalization
Part 2: The Birth of Democracy and Communism
How the Monarchy gave birth to Democracy and
How the Industrial Revolution gave birth to Communism
RISE OF DEMOCRACY

- Monarchs and emperors were mostly despotic due to their absolute powers
- In France, this resulted to a revolution
- The French Revolution – the First Revolution led to democracy
- The French king was killed by the peasants
- No more monarchy
- A parliament was formed to rum the country
- People elect representatives to the parliament
- Other European countries followed the French model
- Kings lost their absolute powers
- Parliaments took care of the governance of their countries
- Concept of equality of people
- More liberties for citizens

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

- European countries developed machines for mass production

- Factories established
- Mechanized farming, mechanized transportation
- Coal-powered factories and vehicles
- Great damage to environment
- Poor labour practices
- The industrial revolution made the Western European empires more powerful economically
and politically
- England, France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Holland
- The United States of America (USA) also became like the Western European Powers

BIRTH OF COMMUNISM

- Because of the Industrial Revolution…

- Two social classes became more defines
- The capitalists and the masses
- The bourgeoisie and the proletariat
- Capitalists – the rich, the factory owners
- Masses – the working class, the laborers, the factory workers
- 1800s in Europe
- The Capitalists oftentimes exploit the laborers
- No more “equality of men”
- Karl Marx, a German philosopher living in England, observed this
- He hated the exploitation of the masses by the elites
- Dreamt of a class-less society
- He hatched the idea of communism
 - Wrote 2 books: Das Kapital, and The Communist Manifesto
- Lenin confiscated all the health of Russia and distributed it equally among the people
- He set up a communist government which is iron-fisted
- Communist Russia invaded 14 neighbouring countries and integrates them in the Soviet
Union
- Also called USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

SPREAD OF COMMUNISM

- Communism was never applied in Marx’s lifetime

- 1917 – Russia, the fist country to apply communism
- Russian Revolution
- Led by Vladimir Lenin
- Ended the monarchy
- Start of the Soviet Era
- In 1950, China followed the Russian model
- Mao Tse Tung drove away Chiang Kai Shek to Taiwan
- Mao set up a communist government in Mainland China
 Political Globalization
Part 3: The Great Rivalry of Democracy and Communism

WORLD WAR 1 AND WORLD WAR 2

- Caused the powerful nations to polarize

- Grouped together and fought each other
- WW1 Axis Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
- WW1 Allied Powers – US, GB, France, USSR (The Big 4), Japan, Italy
- WW2 Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, Japan
- WW2 Allied Powers – US, GB, France, USSR (The Big 4)
- Axis (Fascism, Monarchy) vs Allied (Democracy, Communism)
- The Axis Powers lost in both wars
- After World War 2, the Big FOUR became even more known as “the undisputed world
powers”
- The Big 4
- US, France, GB – democratic
- USSR – communist

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND THE UN

- After World War 1, The League of Nations was formed (1920)

- Its objective is to preserve world peace
- At its peak, it had 58 members
- Disagreement among members and withdrawal of membership happened
- It failed to prevent World War 2
- At the end of World War 2, the League of Nations was abolished
- It was replaced by the United Nations
- From 51 member states in 1945, today the UN has 193 members
- Purpose: peace-keeping
- Later, health, food-security, environmentalism, and the likes, became the additional
objectives

POST WORLD WAR 2

- Release of the colonies (the UN calls this “Decolonization”)

- Economic losses during World War 2 caused GB, France and other European Powers to give
independence to their colonies
- The Philippines became more independent
- Also, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and many African and Middle East countries

The New World Order:

o 1st World, 2nd World, 3rd World
o 1st World – rich democratic countries (USA, GB, France)
o 2nd World – big, powerful communist countries (USSR, China)
o 3rd World – the rest of the world
THE COLD WAR

- Competition of the 1st World and the 2nd World to convert/keep the 3rd World countries
under their respective fields
- Communism vs Democracy
- Non-shooting war, just a war of ideologies
- Spy vs spy
- James Bond vs the KGB
- USSR and China fun communist rebels in democratic 3 rd World countries
- To overthrow the democratic government and replace it with a communist one
- USA and GB fund the democratic 3rd World to prevent a communist take-over
- Examples: Cuba, North Vietnam, many African Countries
- Korean stand-off
 After World War 2, Korea was partitioned by the USA and USSR
 North Korea – became communist, because of USSR
 South Korea – became democratic, because of USA
 The Korean War, 1950-1953
 North Korea vs South Korea
 Communism vs Democracy
 USSR and China helped North Korea
 USA helped South Korea
 Ended with a state mate, a draw, a tie
- The Vietnam War
 After World War 2, Vietnam was partitioned
 North Vietnam became communist because of USSR
 South Vietnam became democratic because of USA
 In 1965-1975, North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam
 USSR and China funded the North Vietnamese, USA helped South Vietnam
 South Vietnam and the USA lost the war
- The 1st World countries North America and Europe formed the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization)
- If one member gets attacked by communist bloc, the other NATO members would come to
the rescue.
- Fortunately, this didn’t happen.
- The United Nations had a hard time doing its job during the cold war.
- Both US and the USSR were UN members
- For the record, the UN deployed peacekeeping forces only on 2 occasions during the cold
war:
- During the Korean war in the 1950s
- In Congo in the 1960s to aid the government against rebel forces

THE END OF THE COLD WAR

- After World War 2, Germany was also partitioned.

- Also the capital city of Berlin.
- West Germany and West Berlin became democratic because of the USA
- East Germany and East Berlin became communist because of the USSR
- End of the Cold War
- In1989, the East Germans had a “people power revolution”
- They gave up communism and wanted to be democratic
- They destroyed the Berlin Wall, the barrier that divide the two Germanies
- (Where did the East Germans get the idea of a people power revolution?)
- EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986
- After the German experience, many communist countries Europe followed suit.
- Democracy-hungry people toppled the communist governments in their countries.
- Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and even the USSR
- By the end of the 1990s, communism was almost dead
 Political Globalization
Part 4: What World Looks Like Politically Today

POST-COLD WAR ERA

- Germany became a united democratic country

- The other small communist countries in Europe became democratic
- The USSR disintegrated
- Russia gave independence to the 14 Soviet republics – Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Lithuania,
Ukraine, etc
- Parliaments replaced the communist governments there
- China opened itself to the US capitalists
- China allowed US companies to operate in their land
- Nike, Apple, McDonalds, etc
- Now, almost everything in the world is made in China
- Vietnam followed China’s example
- Communist government, but open to Western applicants
- Communism evolved into Socialism
- Socialism –
 Politically, they look like communism because it only has one political party, and
nobody can oppose it, the people do not have the rights of speech, press, etc.
 But economically, not all businesses are state-owned. Many companies are owned
by entrepreneur citizens and even foreigners
 There is no longer “equal contribution of wealth”
- Today, only 2 countries remain as “pure communists”
- Cuba and North Korea
- But lately, Cuban leader Fidel Castro died.
- His successor is open-minded to US partnership
- Also, new North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, is having exploratory talks on the unification of
Korea
- Experts claim the sooner or later, communism will be a thing of the past

WHERE IS GLOBALIZATION IN OUR STORY?

- Breaking down the barriers between the communism and democracy

- The trend: the world is becoming capitalistic and democratic

POSTLUDE: WAR ON TERROR

- Now, in the contemporary times, the 1 st World has a new enemy – terrorism
- Islamic Extremist groups (Taliban, Al Qaeda, ISIS) have launched attacks in the 1 st World
- The US and its allies have invaded countries that they think they are “cuddling” these
extremist groups
- Afghanistan and Iraq
- The US put up “democratic governments” in these invaded countries to replace the Islamic
extremist governments
- Question: Is this globalization?
THE ROLE OF THE UN

- The United Nations still exists and has grown even bigger
- Recognizes and respects the sovereignty of states
- Arbitrates conflict between member states diplomatically
- (But the implementation of their rulings is up to the states involved, like the case of the PH
and China over the South China Sea)
- Send out peace-keeping forces (not combat troops) in hot spots
- Aids in calamities

SYNTHESIS:

- The trend:
 The world started with simple nomadic groups here and there
 They polarized into settlements, nations, kingdoms, and empires
 Through time, borders separated them. Borders may be physical walls, borderlines,
ideologies (like communism and democracy), despotic leaders, wars, economic
systems, religion, and the likes
 In the contemporary world, these barriers are crumbing down
 The breaking down of these barriers and the unification of the world is
GLOBALIZATION unfolding before our eyes.