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Ancientindianastronomyandmathematics 150506062636 Conversion Gate02
Ancientindianastronomyandmathematics 150506062636 Conversion Gate02
Rajesh Kochhar
Honorary professor, Mathematics Department, Panjab University,
Chandigarh 160014
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab
rkochhar2000@yahoo.com
• Modern astronomy today is at the cutting
edge of scientific enquiry. Although we are by
definition part of the universe, we look at it as
if from the outside. In earlier times, however,
cosmic environment was seen as inseparable
from the terrestrial environment and human
affairs. The world was anthropo-centric. Earth
stood still and the whole world revolved
around it. As masters of the Earth, human
beings considered themselves to be special in
the eyes of the Almighty and worthy of his
attention.
• The beginnings of astronomy are related
to the requirements of the ritual in early
cultures. Ritual was a means of securing
divine approval and support for terrestrial
actions. To be effective, it had to be
elaborate and well-timed, so that a
careful distinction could be made
between auspicious and inauspicious
times.
• (Note that mathematical problems such
as obtaining the square root of two and
approximate value of pi ( circumference
of a circle divided by its diameter) were
taken up in the context of preparation of
fire altars and are discussed in the
Shrautasutras.)
• Since planetary motions provided a natural
means of time keeping and were seen as
couriers of divine signals. Skies were therefore
regularly monitored. This was the beginning of
astronomy as an intellectual discipline.
• The above considerations are general; they
would apply to any geographical area or
cultural group.
• We now come to ancient India. Before
proceeding further, let us examine the nature
and limitations of the source material
available.
Source material: nature and limitations
• Scripts (Kharoshthi, Brahmi) were introduced
into India about 3rd century BCE or somewhat
earlier for writing Prakrit languages derived
from Sanskrit. Script for Sanskrit itself, the
language of Hindu scriptures, was adopted
much later, the first use being for stone
inscriptions. Writing material came from plants
or trees and had a short life. Paper was not
introduced into India till about 8th century CE.
Paper in any case was not used for Brahminical
texts.
• Texts were in the custody of specialist caste groups
who memorized them and transmitted them to the
next generation by word of mouth. The extant texts
would have been supplemented with explanatory
“notes” to serve an immediate purpose. What was
not considered worth preserving at any point in time
was lost for ever.
• Astronomical results were seen as a revelation rather
than deduction. They were therefore recorded in the
Rigvedic format, that is, in metrical poetry. An
astronomer had to be a poet first and then an
astronomer. Because of constraints of metre,
synonyms or half-words had to be used or allusions
made. This introduced vagueness and imprecision.
• These texts are not library texts. They were meant for
a select group which knew the context. Their
interpretation, out of context, is a difficult task.
• These texts are not complete. Knowledge which was
considered to be the requisite background would not
be mentioned. Absence of mention therefore does not
constitute proof of absence. More specifically, we do
not know how observational parameters were
obtained ( borrowing? actual observations?)
• Although decimal system was invented in India, in
astronomical texts, numbers are expressed in terms
of real or artificial words or word parts, opening the
door for deliberate or inadvertent mis-representation.
• Because of the sanctity of Vedic texts, elaborate
schemes were devised to preserve them as a
gramophone record. No such mechanism was employed
for astronomy, with the result that astronomical ( and
Ayurvedic) texts are like an audio cassette.
• The Vedic corpus once created was preserved as such.
In the case of the Epics and Puranas additions were
made but no subtractions. But in the case of scientific
texts, both deletions and additions were made. Once a
new edition came, parts of old edition would be deleted
for ever.
• Also, it is not possible to assign firm dates to any early
event or development. It is therefore not possible to
construct a connected account of any aspect of early
India.
Vedic astronomy (1400-BCE-5th century CE)