INDIA’s

Contribution in
Space Research

Shubham Bagdare - N003 Anmol Jain - N014

Suraj Jain - N013 Harsh Kharabe - N017
Raghav Malpani - N019
START OF SPACE EXPLORATION

➔ Humans have always looked up into the night sky and dreamed
about space. In the latter half of the 20th century, rockets were
developed that were powerful enough to overcome the force of
gravity to reach orbital velocities, paving the way for space
exploration to become a reality.
➔ Neil Armstrong’s First Moon Landing in 1969.
➔ India’s entry in space exploration -
Aryabhata (1500 years ago)
ARYABHATA’S CONTRIBUTION
➔ The astronomical calculations and deductions suggested by Aryabhatta are
extraordinary by the fact that he didn’t have any modern equipment or instrument to do
it. He deduced that the earth is round in shape and rotates along its own axis, which
forms the existence of day and night.
➔ Aryabhatta used epicycles in a similar manner to the Greek Philosopher Ptolemy to
illustrate the inconsistent movement of some planets. This great astronomer wrote the
famous treatise Aryabhatiya, which was based on astronomy. In 499 AD, this treatise
was acknowledged as a masterpiece.
➔ Aryabhatiya is a treatise that includes various facts related to Hindu mathematics and
astronomy that appeared during those times. The treatise comprises of four chapters
that are concerned with sine tables and astronomical constants. It also comprises of
rules to calculate the longitudes of the planets by utilizing epicycles and eccentrics
and also the rules related to trigonometry and calculation of eclipses.
 BIRTH OF ISRO
➔ National Institute of Space Research (NCSR)
➔ Then NCSR started taking up responsibilities of Department of
Atomic Energy (DAE)
➔ Successfully launch the US made Apache Rocket from Thumba in
Trivandrum , Kerala. his was the first ever spacecraft managed
solely by Indians. Vikram Sarabhai
➔ After the Thumba launch there was no turning back, now by 1969,
the NCSR was renamed as ISRO i.e Indian Space Research
Organization. with a vision to develop and harness space
technology in national development, while pursuing planetary
exploration and space science research. VIkram Sarabhai was
appointed as the first chairman of ISRO

Homi Bhabha
LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT
SOME OF THE
CONTRIBUTIONS BY
ISRO
 01
Created World Record by Launching
104 Satellites in single mission , 2017
 PSLV - 37

On February 15, 2017, ISRO created history by lifting off

104 satellites using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
(PSLV), an Indian rocket.
The launch took place on the Sriharikota spaceport in
Andhra Pradesh and successfully managed to put these
satellites into their desired orbit in one go. 101 were foreign
satellites out of the 104 launched. It also included the
Cartostat-2 series, India's earth observation satellite.
 02
Mangalyaan / MOM , 2014
 PSLV-C25

Thanks to ISRO, India became the first country to

successfully reach Mars in its first attempt.
ISRO also became one of the only four space organisations
to have reached the red planet, apart from NASA, Soviet
Space Programme and the European Space Programme.
Mars Orbiter Mission or MOM had a budget of just
Rs. 450 crore, making this Mars mission the least
expensive till now. The goal of the mission was
to collect more data on the atmosphere of the planet.
 03
Chandrayaan 1, 2008
 PSLV C-11

On October 22, 2008, a 312 days unmanned lunar mission

was launched. It was India's first mission to moon and was
a breakthrough in its space mission as it was one of the
only six space organisations to attempt this.
The aim of the mission revolved around understanding the
entire topography and chemical characteristics.
Though, ISRO lost contact with Chandrayaan but
it was after the country's national flag was
proudly hoisted on the moon.
 04
Heaviest Commercial Mission,2015
 PSLV C-28

Heaviest commercial mission was taken up by ISRO where

they launched 1440 kg of load. Five British satellites were
launched as part of the mission using Polar Satellite
Launch Vehicle-C28 on July 10, 2015. This commercial
installation mission was launched from Sriharikota and
included three optical earth observation satellites of 447 kg
each along with two auxiliary satellites.
 05
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
System (IRNSS)
 IRNSS

With the operational name, NAVIC (Navigation with Indian

Constellation), these group of seven satellites will help
India build its own navigation system. The navigation
covers an area of 15,000 km around our country. Two more
satellites are present as a standby in the ground station
apart from the seven satellites being used for operations.
This made India one of the five countries to have its own
navigation system in place.
 06
GLSV - MK3 , 2014
 GSLV - MK3

ISRO launched GSLV-MK3 on December, 2014, that has an

Indian made crew capsule which can carry up to three
astronauts to space. India will become a part of the
exclusive group of space cruising nations which can take
humans to space. It is one of the heaviest rockets and is
capable of carrying 4 tonnes of load. Now, ISRO is planning
to launch GSLV MK4, the next level of this operation, which
would be able to carry 6 tonnes.
 07
Reusable Launch Vehicle,2016
 RLV - TD

ISRO successfully tested the Reusable Launch Vehicle —

Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD).
It was built at a cost Rs 95 crore. It is a winged flight
vehicle — called as India’s space shuttle. During the testing,
the vehicle was sent back onto a virtual runway in the Bay
of Bengal in a 10-minute glided mission was the first stage
of a fully reusable vehicle. The vehicle system is seen as
the future of low cost, reliable and on-demand space
access.
 08
Space Capsule Recovery Experiment
(SRE-1), 2007
 SRE - 1

On January 10, 2007, an Indian experiment spacecraft was

launched using the PSLV C7 rocket from Sriharikota.
It was launched along with three other satellites to display
the ability of recovering an orbiting space capsule.
The intention was to test other things such as Thermal
Protection System, management of communication blackout,
navigation, guidance and control, etc.
Before reentering the atmosphere of the earth and diving into
the Bay of Bengal, the capsule stayed in the orbit for 12 days.
 09
Indian National Satellite System
(INSAT) , 1983
 INSAT

Launched by ISRO, INSAT is a series of multi purpose

geostationary satellites.
It helped with telecommunications, broadcasting,
meteorology, and search and rescue operations.
The satellites built a communication system all across Asia
Pacific region.
There are nine working satellites in the group.
UPCOMING
MISSIONS
OF ISRO
GAGANYAAN
EXPECTED DATE:December, 2021

➔ ISRO had targeted sending Indians to space before the country

completes its 75th year of independence on 15 August 2021. But with
the COVID-19 pandemic slowing down progress, the timelines have now
been revised.
➔ The first uncrewed mission for Gaganyaan will take place in December
2021. As per the ISRO mandate, two uncrewed missions need to be
carried out successfully before the crewed mission launches for orbit.
➔ Currently, four Indian astronauts have been sent to Russia to train as
part of the joint partnership between ISRO and the Russian space
agency Roscosmos.
➔ Following two non-crewed orbital flight demonstrations of the
spacecraft, a crewed Gaganyaan is slated to be launched on the
GSLV Mk III launcher no earlier than 2023.
CHANDRAYAAN - 3
TARGETED LAUNCH DATE: August, 2021
➔ Chandrayaan 3 is a follow-up mission from ISRO to the Chandrayaan 2 that was
launched in 2019. The Chandrayaan 2 mission was intended to make a landing
on the moon's far side. However, complications in the final minutes before
touchdown led to a loss of communications with the lander-rover module, which
crash-landed on the surface at a higher-than-planned velocity. The Chandrayaan
2 orbiter continues to perform science experiments and map the lunar surface
from an altitude of 100 kilometres.
➔ Chandrayaan 3 will have similar components – a lander and a rover – but not
the orbiter, since the Chandrayaan 2 orbiter is live and operating well. The lack
of an orbiter also brings down the overall mission cost, to an estimated Rs 6.15
billion, compared to the Rs 9.7 billion that it cost ISRO to carry out the
Chandrayaan 2 mission. The third moon mission will touch down in the Aitken
basin, on the Earth's natural satellite, which is an important location for any
future sustainable lunar habitation.
MANGALYAAN-2
TARGETED LAUNCH YEAR: 2024

➔ The second mission to Mars will be undertaken only after the launch of
Chandrayaan-3
➔ Landing on Mars is a tough job and hence increases the complexity of
mission
➔ Mangalyaan-1 is still working good and sending data. It is now planned to
have the next orbiter mission around Mars for a future launch opportunity.
➔ Mangalyaan-1 was launched in November 2013 and entered the Martian
orbit in September 2014. Designed to work for six months, the mission is
in its seventh year now.
➔ Mangalyaan-2 will only be an orbiter mission.
SHUKRAYAAN - 1
TARGETED LAUNCH DATE: December 2024
➔ ISRO was aiming for misd-2021 for the launch of Shukrayaan, but the
pandemic related delays have pushed the Shukrayaan’s target launch
date to december 2024.
➔ A backup launch opportunity is also available when Venus and Earth are
next aligned in mid-2026, in such a way to minimize spacecraft fuel use
during planetary transit.
➔ Shukrayaan is set to launch on India's GSLV MK II rocket.
➔ The spacecraft will carry several instruments to probe the Venusian
environment. The flagship instrument will be a synthetic aperture radar
to examine the Venusian surface., which is shrouded by thick clouds that
make it impossible to glimpse the surface in visible light
THANK
YOU
 RESOURCES
➔ ISRO Website : https://www.isro.gov.in
➔ “ 10 Times ISRO Made Every Indian Proud ” ’
https://yourstory.com/2017/02/isro-achievements?utm_pageloadtype=scroll
➔ “ Aryabhatta and the start of Siddhaantic Astronomy in India ”
https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/aug/15/aryabhata-and-the-start-of-siddhaa
ntic-astronomy-in-india-2183633.html
➔ “India and Space Exploration ”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlhdp1dKdPI
➔ “India to Launch Shukryaan Venus Mission in 2024 post pandemic delays
” https://www.space.com/india-venus-orbiter-shukrayaan-2024-launch
➔ “Mangalyaan-2 will be an orbiter mission:ISRO chief Sivan”
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/indias-next-mars-mission-likely-to-be-an-
orbiter/articleshow/81111742.cms
➔ “Mangalyaan-2,Chandrayaan-3 and Gaganyaan”
https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/gaganyaan-to-launch-in-december-2021-chandrayaan-
3-may-launch-in-2022-followed-by-mangalyaan-2-isro-chief-9331621.html#:~:text=The%20India
n%20Space%20Research%20Organisation,third%20moon%20mission%20is%20launched