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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Important Missions of ISRO – UPSC

By Lotus Arise December 14, 2020 1 Comment

ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation

ISRO is the space agency under the Department of Space of Government of
India, headquartered in the city of Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Its vision is to harness space technology for national development while
pursuing space science research and planetary exploration.
Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL) is a Marketing arm of ISRO for the
promotion and commercial exploitation of space products, technical
consultancy services, and transfer of technologies developed by ISRO.

Genesis
The space research activities were initiated in India under Dr. Vikram
Sarabhai, the founding father of the Indian space program, during the 1960s.
Since its inception, the Indian space program had three distinct elements
such as satellites for communication and remote sensing, the space
transportation system, and application programs.
The INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee for Space Research) was initiated
under the leadership of Dr. Sarabhai and Dr. Ramanathan.
During 1975-76, Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was
conducted. It was hailed as ‘the largest sociological experiment in the world’.
It was followed by the ‘Kheda Communications Project (KCP)’, which worked
as a field laboratory for need-based and locale-specific program transmission
in the state of Gujarat State.
During this period, the first Indian spacecraft ‘Aryabhata’ was developed and
was launched using a Soviet Launcher. Another major landmark was the
development of the first launch vehicle SLV-3 with a capability to place 40 kg
in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which had its first successful flight in 1980.
In the experimental phase during 80’s, Bhaskara-I & II missions were
pioneering steps in the remote sensing area whereas ‘Ariane Passenger
 Payload Experiment (APPLE)’ became the forerunner for the future
communication satellite system.
During the operational phase in 90’s, major space infrastructure was created
under two broad classes: one for communication, broadcasting, and
meteorology through a multi-purpose Indian National Satellite System
(INSAT), and the other for Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) system. The
development and operationalization of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
(PSLV) and the development of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV) were significant achievements during this phase.

ISRO Milestones
The first Indian-made sounding rocket was the RH-75 (Rohini-75). It was
launched from TERLS in 1967. It weighed just 32 kg. Series of Rohini Sounding
Rockets were developed by ISRO for atmospheric and meteorological
studies.
The first Indian satellite, Aryabhata, was built by the ISRO and launched
with the help of the Soviet Union on 19th April 1975.
The year 1980 marked the launch of Rohini, which was the first satellite to
be successfully placed in orbit by SLV-3, an Indian made launch vehicle.
Subsequently with more efforts, two other rockets were developed by ISRO:
the PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) for placing satellites into polar
orbits and the GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) for placing
satellites into geostationary orbits.
Both the rockets have successfully launched several earth observation
and communication satellites for India as well as other countries.
ISRO launched its first INSAT satellite in 1982. It was a communication
satellite. It was named INSAT-1A, which failed in orbit. The next
communication satellite INSAT-1B was launched in 1983.
ISRO also launched the first IRS (remote-sensing satellite) in 1988.
ISRO launched its first lunar mission Chandrayaan I in 2008.
In January 2014, ISRO used an indigenously built cryogenic engine for a
GSLV-D5 launch of the GSAT-14 satellite making it one of the only six
countries in the world to develop a cryogenic technology.
It also launched the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) or the Mangalyaan in 2014.
With this, India became the first country to achieve success in putting a
satellite in Mars orbit in its maiden attempt and the fourth space agency and
the first space Asian agency to do so.
In 2017, ISRO created another world record by launching 104 satellites in a
single rocket. It launched its heaviest rocket yet, the Geosynchronous
 Satellite Launch Vehicle-Mark III, and placed the GSAT 19 in orbit.
India launched Chandrayaan-2, its second lunar exploration mission after
Chandrayaan-1 on 22nd July 2019.
There are future plans for human spaceflight (Gaganyaan), interplanetary
probes, and a solar mission as well.

Achievements and Important Missions of ISRO

GSAT-11
India’s next-generation high throughput communication satellite, GSAT-11
was successfully launched in 2018 from Kourou launch base, French Guiana
by Ariane-5 VA-246.
GSAT-11 is an advanced communication satellite.
GSAT-11 is part of ISRO’s new family of high-throughput communication
satellite (HTS) fleet that will drive the country’s Internet broadband from
space to untouched areas.
According to ISRO, GSAT-11’s multiple spot beam coverage — 32 in Ku band
and eight in Ka bands — will deliver an improved service of 16 gbps over the
Indian region and nearby islands.
Applications
Faster Internet Connectivity: GSAT will play a vital role in providing
broadband services across the country. It will enable greater capacity
and high data rates over region due to use of the spot beam technology.
The broadband domain in India is through the underground fiber
and covers partial and convenient locations. GSAT will drive the
country’s Internet broadband from space to untouched areas. 
Bharat Net Connectivity: It will provide substantial bandwidth coverage
to gram panchayats for supporting e-governance and other platforms.
VSAT Terminals: Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) support high data
rate applications for enterprise network and consumer broadband
applications.

GSLV MK III-D1/GSAT-19 MISSION

GSLV Mk III-D1 launched GSAT-19 from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) at Satish
Dhawan Space Centre SHAR (SDSC SHAR), Sriharikota.
GSAT-19 satellite with a lift-off mass of 3136 kg, is the communication
satellite of India, configured around the ISRO’s standard I-3K bus.
GSAT-19 carries Ka/Ku-band high throughput communication
transponders.
GSLV MKIII-M1/CHANDRAYAAN-2 MISSION
Chandrayaan-2, India’s second mission to the Moon is a totally indigenous
mission comprising of an Orbiter, Lander (Vikram), and Rover (Pragya) to explore
the unexplored South Pole of the Moon.

Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO’s first attempt to land on any extraterrestrial surface.

Core Objective: To map the location and abundance of lunar water.

Background
The project began in 2007 with an agreement between India’s space agency
ISRO and Russia’s ROSCOSMOS for mutual cooperation.
However, the mission was postponed in January 2013 and rescheduled to
2016 as Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.
Later, after Russia’s withdrawal, India decided to develop the lunar mission
independently. Finally, on 22 July 2019, GSLV MK III M1 on its first operational
flight successfully launched Chandrayaan-2.
Once successful, India will become the fourth country to soft-land a
spacecraft on the Moon after the USSR, the USA, and China. Chandrayaan-2
will make a landing at a site where no earlier mission has gone, near the
south pole of the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2 is a natural sequel to Chandrayaan-1, an Orbiter mission
launched in October 2008.
Chandrayaan-1, ISRO’s first exploratory mission to the moon, was
designed to just orbit the Moon and make observations with instruments
onboard.
Chandrayaan-1 operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two
years but the mission achieved 95% of its planned objectives.

Key Findings of Chandrayaan-1

Confirmed presence of lunar water
Evidence of lunar caves formed by an ancient lunar lava flow
The past tectonic activity was found on the lunar surface.
The faults and fractures discovered could be features of past interior
tectonic activity coupled with meteorite impacts.

Chandrayaan-2: Design and Mission Profile

Components of Chandrayaan – 2: Launch Vehicle
 S200 solid rocket booster
L110 liquid state
C25 Upper stage

The Chandrayaan-2 mission consisted of three main modules:

1. lunar orbiter
2. Vikram lander (named after Vikram Sarabhai, the late father of India’s space
program)
3. lunar rover named Pragyan

All of the above parts were developed in India.

Mission Objectives
Try and build on the evidence of water molecules shown by Chandrayaan-I
and study the extent and distribution of water on the Moon
Study topography, seismography, the composition of the lunar surface and
the lunar atmosphere
The study of ancient rocks and craters can offer indications of the origin
and evolution of the Moon.
The South Pole region of the Moon also contains clues to the fossil
records of the early solar system. Thus, it will improve our understanding
of the early solar system as well.
Map the lunar surface and prepare 3D maps of it.

Significance of Chandrayaan 2
In all the space missions, no country has ever attempted to land a spacecraft in
the polar regions of the moon. This gave India a lead in space exploration on an
international level.

1. Due to the moon’s axis, few regions on the South Pole always remains dark
especially the craters and have higher chances of containing water.
2. The craters might have never received sunlight because it at very low angles
in the Polar Regions and thus, increasing the chances of presence of ice on
such surfaces.
3. The lunar surface area at the south pole of the Moon that remains in shadow
is much larger than the North Pole thus making moon’s South Pole
 interesting. This also increases the probability of the existence of water in
permanently shadowed areas around it.
4. The second de-orbiting manoeuvre for Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft was
performed successfully today on September 04, 2019, beginning at 0342 hrs
IST as planned, using the onboard propulsion system. The duration of the
manoeuvre was 9 seconds.
5. On October 14, 2019, Chandrayaan-2 detected the presence of Argon-40 in
the lunar exosphere.
6. On July 30th, 2020 Chandrayaan-2 imaged the Sarabhai Crater located on the
north-east quadrant of the moon

Chandrayaan-2 Mission: Updates

1. The orbital insertion was achieved on 20th August 2019. The Orbiter has a life
duration of 7 years and will continue its mission.
2. Vikram Lander had a mission life of 14 days. The landing on the moon’s
surface was planned on 7th September 2019. However, the landing failed at
the final stages. Vikram lander crash-landed on the moon’s surface as the
velocity was higher than the desired velocity (2 m/s) and the Failure Analysis
Committee of ISRO concluded that a software glitch was the cause of the
failure.
3. Pragyan Rover was planned for a duration of around 14 days. As the landing
failed, the rover could not be deployed on the moon’s surface.

Geotail
 Chandrayaan-2 named CLASS (Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray
Spectrometer) has detected charged particles present on the moon soil
during the orbiter’s passage through the “Geotail”.

The Sun emits the solar wind, which is a continuous stream of

charged particles (like electrons, protons, alpha particles, etc). These
particles are present in the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the
Corona.
Since the Earth has a magnetic field, it obstructs this solar wind
plasma.
This interaction results in the formation of a magnetic envelope
around Earth called the magnetosphere.
On the Earth side facing the Sun, this magnetosphere is compressed
into a region that is approximately three to four times the Earth
 radius.
On the opposite side, the envelope is stretched into a long tail,
which extends beyond the orbit of the Moon. It is this that is called
the Geotail.
Once every 29 days, the Moon traverses the Geotail for about six
days.
The Geotail region allows the best scientific observations.

PSLV-C45 EMISAT MISSION

EMISAT is an advanced electronic intelligence (ELINT) satellite jointly
developed by ISRO-DRDO. It is meant for electromagnetic spectrum
measurements.
It is modeled after a famous Israeli spy satellite called SARAL (Satellite with
ARgos and ALtika).
EMISAT also has a special altimeter (a radar altitude measuring device) called
‘AltiKa’ that works in the Ka-band microwave region of the spectrum.
The electronic surveillance payload of EMISAT was developed under a
DRDO’s project called KAUTILYA.
The main capability of EMISAT is in signal intelligence — intercepting
signals broadcasted by communication systems, radars, and other electronic
systems. The Ka-band frequency that EMISAT is sensitive to allows the 436-kg
EMISAT is an all weather and all terrain condition satellite, which will allow
it to work through clouds, rain, forest and coastal areas.
EMISAT is an ELINT (Electronic Intelligence) satellite, which means it will
have a radar to measure the electromagnetic spectrum – so as to intercept
and analyze radar signals, find their location, identify the hostile radars
based on their radio frequency (RF) signature.
This will be a vital tool for India when EMISAT along with the Airborne
Warning and Control System (AWACS) can effectively locate, tackle and
silence enemy radars, and secure Indian airspace.
This flight marked the first mission of PSLV-QL, a new variant of PSLV with
four strap-on motors. Injected India’s EMISAT into a 748 km sun-
synchronous polar orbit
The satellite is intended for electromagnetic spectrum measurement.
PSLV-C44
India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C44) successfully injected Microsat-
R and Kalamsat-V2 satellites into their designated orbits.

This flight marked the first mission of PSLV-DL, a new variant of PSLV with two
strap-on motors. PSLV-C44 mission was unique as it was for the first time ISRO
used the last stage of the rocket as a platform to perform experiments in
space.

Significance of the Mission

Microsat-R
Microsat-R is a military imaging satellite, weighing 130 kilograms, was
made by Defence Research and Development Organization(DRDO).
This was launched in low orbit. It is the first time an Indian satellite was
being placed by ISRO in a low orbit at an altitude of 274 km. 
Kalamsat
ISRO also launched a student satellite, Kalamsat, made by Space Kidz
India, weighing just 1.26kg.
Kalamsat is the world’s smallest and lightest communication satellite.
Space Kidz India is an organization dedicated to designing innovative
concepts for students in the field of education.
Fourth Stage (PS4) Usability
ISRO also used this launch as an opportunity to demonstrate
the usability of the fourth stage of the rocket after the satellites are
ejected into orbit. 
The fourth and final stage of the rocket normally turns into debris after
ejecting a satellite.
Now any agency that wants to conduct experiments in space can use the
fourth stage until it disintegrates naturally. The fourth stage of the rocket
will be orbiting in space for six months to a year. ISRO is aiming to use
this time-frame to enable agencies to run short time experiments.
Kalamsat will be the first to use the fourth stage as an orbital platform.
The experiment with Kalamsat will start about 1.5 hours from take-off
and will last for about 14 hours. Later duration of experiments with PS4
will be improved gradually.

RISAT-2B (Radar Imaging Satellite 2B)

India’s PSLV-C46 successfully launched the RISAT-2B satellite from Satish
Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota.
RISAT-2B with a lift-off mass of 615 kg, is a radar imaging earth observation
satellite. The satellite is intended to provide services to Agriculture, Forestry,
and Disaster Management domains.

Significance

Regular remote-sensing or optical imaging satellites work like a light-

dependent camera that cannot perceive hidden or surreptitious objects in
cloudy or dark conditions.
Satellites that are equipped with an active sensor, the synthetic aperture
radar (SAR), can sense or ‘observe’ Earth in a special way from space day
and night, rain or cloud.
A radar imaging satellite is complex to assemble. Interpreting its images
is equally complex.
It will mark the resumption of a vital ring of Indian all-seeing radar imaging
satellites after seven years.
It will add to the reconnaissance capability from about 500 km in space. A
constellation of such space-based radars means a comprehensive vigil over
the country.

Applications

In India, radar imaging are used for crop estimation because our main crop
growing season of Kharif is in May-September when it rains and gets
cloudy.
We have used this data extensively for forestry, soil, land use, geology, and
during floods and cyclone.
Due to an all-weather seeing feature, the satellite becomes special for
security forces and disaster relief agencies.

GAGANYAAN MISSION
Gaganyaan is a mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to
send a three-member crew to space for a period of five to seven days by 2022.

The space mission was first announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in
2018 in his independence day address to the nation.
Ahead of the manned mission, ISRO plans to send two unmanned missions
to space as part of the Gaganyaan mission. The first unmanned mission was
 scheduled to be sent in December 2020 and the second mission was
scheduled for June 2021. 
However, the first unmanned mission has been delayed because of the
disruption in ISRO’s work and operations on account of the coronavirus
pandemic.
The Gaganyaan spacecraft will be placed in a low earth orbit (LEO) of 300-
400 kilometres.
The total programme cost is expected to be under Rs.10000 crore.
Gaganyaan is significant because it is the first indigenous mission that will
send Indian astronauts to space. If it succeeds, India will be the fourth
country to have sent a human to space, the other three being the US,
Russia, and China.
ISRO is developing the spacecraft and Russia is helping in the training of
the astronauts.
The spacecraft consists of a service module and a crew module, collectively
known as the Orbital Module. The launch vehicle used for this mission will be
the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk III.

Gaganyaan Human Space Flight

Human spaceflight is expected to take about 16 minutes to reach the intended
low earth orbit.

The three astronauts will leave for space in the crew module, which would
have a 3.7 m diameter and a height of 7 m.
The astronauts’ orange space suits were created by the Vikram Sarabhai
Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram.
The suit can hold one oxygen cylinder which will permit the astronauts to
breathe in space for an hour.
The manned mission will rotate around the earth every 90 minutes. 
The astronauts will be able to see sunrise and sunset, see India from space
every 24 hours, and will also perform experiments on microgravity.
The spacecraft will take about 36 hours for the return journey and will land in
the Arabian Sea off the Gujarat coast.
In order to take this mission to fruition, ISRO has worked on crucial
technologies such as crew escape system, re-entry mission capability,
thermal protection system, crew module configuration, deceleration and
flotation system, and subsystems of life support systems.

Training for the astronauts

 ISRO has signed a contract with a subsidiary of ROSCOSMOS (the Russian
space agency), called Gavkosmos for preparing the Indian astronauts
selected for the mission.
The four selected astronauts are undergoing medical and physical training,
apart from learning the Russian language, which is considered one of the
important languages of space communication.
The astronaut candidates will also be trained in simulations in a centrifuge
and in a hyperbaric chamber (pressurized room) to prepare them for
conditions like G-force, hypoxia, and pressure drops during spaceflight.
The training would be tough since they have to get acclimatized to
gravitational changes that will cause physiological changes.
Changing gravity can cause fluctuations in the blood pressure, particularly
during re-entry to earth or landing, and can even cause unconsciousness
sometimes. Astronauts may also face motion sickness while experiencing
weightlessness in space.
The training in Russia will be for a year after which the astronauts will receive
module-specific training in India.
All the candidate astronauts are pilots from the Indian Air Force. They were
shortlisted by about 25 pilots by the Air Force.

VyomMitra: Lady Robot for Gaganyaan

 Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) unveiled its first ‘woman’
astronaut, named Vyom Mitra who will ride to space in the first test flight of
the human space mission, Gaganyaan.

She is half-humanoid and her body stops at the torso and has no legs. She is
capable of switching panel operations, performing Environment Control and
Life Support Systems (ECLSS) functions, conversations with the astronauts,
recognizing them, and solving their queries.
The humanoid can detect and give out warnings if the environment
changes within the cabin.
She will simulate the human functions required for space before real
astronauts take off before August 2022. She will be sent in a space capsule
around the end of 2020 or early 2021 to study how astronauts respond to
living outside earth in controlled zero-gravity conditions.
The humanoid has been developed by the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit,
Thiruvananthapuram.

ASIAN TROPOPAUSE AEROSOL LAYER (ATAL)

ISRO-NASA efforts towards resolving the issue of Asian Tropopause Aerosol
Layer (ATAL).

Atmospheric aerosol and clouds play important role in weather and

climate.
A recent discovery of high altitude (~ 16km) Aerosol layer occurring during
monsoon in the south Asian region using CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and
Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) has started puzzling the
atmospheric scientists.
Very little is known about the composition and the formation mechanisms of
this intense aerosol layer. This layer is of concern since it could play an
important role in the climate and weather.
To understand this enigmatic layer, balloon-borne experiments along with
ground-based observations are being conducted under an ISRO-NASA
collaborative program – “Balloon Borne measurement campaigns of Asian
Tropopause Aerosol Layer (BATAL).

ASTROSAT
It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying
celestial sources in X-ray, optical, and UV spectral bands simultaneously.
The payloads cover the energy bands of Ultraviolet (Near and Far), limited
optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV).
One of the unique features of the AstroSat mission is that it enables the
simultaneous multiwavelength observations of various astronomical
objects with a single satellite.
AstroSat with a lift-off mass of 1515 kg was launched on September 28, 2015,
into a 650 km orbit inclined at an angle of 6 deg to the equator by PSLV-C30
from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.
The minimum useful life of the AstroSat mission is expected to be 5 years.
It is seen as a smaller version of NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.
It has 5 payloads which include:
Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT)
Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC)
Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT)
Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI)
Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM)

SOLAR MISSION- ADITYA

ADITYA-1 is the first solar mission intended to study Sun’s Corona,
Chromosphere, and Photosphere. In addition, it will study the particle flux
emanating from the Sun, and the variation of magnetic field strength.

It would be placed into a point in space known as the L1 Lagrange point.

Aditya L1 will be ISRO’s 2nd space-based astronomy mission after

AstroSat, which was launched in 2015.
Aditya 1 was renamed as Aditya-L1. The Aditya 1 was meant to observe only
the solar corona.

Launch Vehicle: Aditya L1 will be launched using the Polar Satellite Launch

Vehicle (PSLV) XL with 7 payloads (instruments) on board.

Objective: Aditya L1 will study the Sun’s corona (Visible and Near-infrared rays),

Sun’s photosphere (soft and hard X-ray), chromosphere (Ultra Violet ), solar
emissions, solar winds and flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and will
carry out round-the-clock imaging of the Sun.

Challenges: The distance of the Sun from Earth ( approximately 15 crore km on

average, compared to the only 3.84 lakh km to the Moon). This huge distance
poses a scientific challenge.

Due to the risks involved, payloads in earlier ISRO missions have largely
remained stationary in space; however, Aditya L1 will have some moving
components which increases the risks of collision.
Other issues are the super-hot temperatures and radiation in the solar
atmosphere. However, Aditya L1 will stay much farther away, and the heat is
not expected to be a major concern for the instruments onboard.

Importance
The evolution of every planet, including Earth and the exoplanets beyond the
Solar System, is governed by its parent star i.e the Sun in our case. Solar
weather and the environment affect the weather of the entire system.
Therefore, it is important to study the Sun.
Effects of Variation in Solar Weather System: Variations in this weather
can change the orbits of satellites or shorten their lives, interfere with or
 damage onboard electronics, and cause power blackouts and other
disturbances on Earth.
Knowledge of solar events is key to understanding space weather.
To learn about and track Earth-directed storms, and to predict their impact,
continuous solar observations are needed.
Many of the instruments and their components for this mission are
being manufactured for the first time in the country.

A Lagrangian point is a position or location in space where the combined

gravitational

forces of two large bodies are equal to the centrifugal force that is felt by a
third body

which is relatively smaller.

Lagrange Point 1

Lagrange Points, named after Italian-French mathematician Josephy-

Louis Lagrange, are positioned in space where the gravitational
forces of a two-body system (like the Sun and the Earth) produce
enhanced regions of attraction and repulsion.
 The L1 point is about 1.5 million km from Earth or about 1/100th of the
way to the Sun.
L1 refers to Lagrangian/Lagrange Point 1, one of 5 points in the orbital
plane of the Earth-Sun system.
These can be used by spacecraft to reduce fuel consumption needed
to remain in position.
A Satellite placed in the halo orbit around the Lagrangian point 1
(L1) has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun
without any occultation/ eclipses.
The L1 point is home to the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
Satellite (SOHO), an international collaboration project of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and
the European Space Agency (ESA).

Other Missions to the Sun

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe’s aim is to trace how energy and heat move
through the Sun’s corona and to study the source of the solar wind’s
acceleration.
It is part of NASA’s ‘Living With a Star program that explores different
aspects of the Sun-Earth system.
 The earlier Helios 2 solar probe, a joint venture between NASA and the space
agency of erstwhile West Germany, went within 43 million km of the Sun’s
surface in 1976.

NISAR Mission
The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is a joint Earth-observing
mission by NASA and ISRO. The mission aims at co-developing a dual-
frequency synthetic aperture radar on an Earth observation satellite.

The NASA-ISRO SAR mission will observe Earth and measure its changing
ecosystem and masses globally. It is the world’s most expensive imaging-
satellite and the two space agencies intend to launch the satellite by 2022.

The key factors and characteristics of the mission are given below:

It is a dual-frequency Radar imaging satellite and is using both L-Brand and

S-Brand Radar frequencies that will map Earth every 12 days from two
directions. The S-Brand Radar is being built by ISRO and the L-Brand Radar is
being built by NASA
The satellite is likely to be launched from Indian soil. The launch site is Satish
Dhawan Space Center or Sriharikota Range, Andhra Pradesh
The main objective of this research is to make global measurements of the
causes and consequences of land surface changes. This includes:
Imbalance in the Ecosystem
Natural Hazards including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and
landslides.
Ice Sheet Collapse
Agricultural and Forest Biomass
Soil Moisture Estimation
The mission is also expected to open up paths for the future joint mission
between the two Space Agencies.

Shukrayaan-1
Shukrayaan-1 is a proposed mission of Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO).

It is a mission to study Venus for more than four years.

Scientific objectives: Investigation of the surface processes and shallow
subsurface stratigraphy; and solar wind interaction with Venusian Ionosphere,
and studying the structure, composition, and dynamics of the atmosphere.

The satellite is planned to be launched onboard GSLV Mk II rocket.

The proposed orbit is expected to be around 500 x 60,000 km around Venus.

This orbit is likely to be reduced gradually, over several months to a lower
apoapsis (farthest point).

Venus
Venus is often described as the “twin sister” of the Earth because of the
similarities in size, mass, density, bulk composition, and gravity.
It is believed that both planets share a common origin, forming at the same
time out of a condensing nebulosity around 4.5 billion years ago.
Venus is around 30 percent closer to the Sun as compared to Earth
resulting in much higher solar flux.

XPoSat
The X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) is a planned space observatory to
study the polarization of cosmic X-rays. It is planned to be launched in 2021
and to provide a service time of at least five years.

The telescope is being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation

(ISRO) and the Raman Research Institute. POLIX will study the degree and
angle of polarisation of bright X-ray sources in the energy range of 5-30 keV.

The spacecraft will be placed in a circular 500-700km orbit.

It will study neutron stars, supernova remnants, pulsars and regions around
black holes.

Cartosat-3
ISRO has launched Cartosat-3 and 13 commercial nanosatellites into Sun
Synchronous orbit from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota.
 Cartosat-3 is an earth-observation remote sensing satellite that will replace
the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series. So far, ISRO has orbited 8 Cartosats
since 2005.
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects or
areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites.
The 13 commercial nanosatellites are from the USA, which is the
first commercial order for New Space India Limited, the commercial arm of
ISRO which was formed in March 2019.

Cartosat-3 is a third-generation advanced earth observation satellite carried by

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C47.

 It has the ‘sharpest eye’ of civil remote sensing satellites in the world.

One of Cartosat-3’s cameras offers a ground resolution of 25 cm – it can pick

up an object of a minimum of 25 cm size from a height of around 500 km.
Currently, a satellite owned by US private company- WorldView-3, has the
best ground resolution of 31 cm.

Inclination: It has been placed at 97.5 degrees to the equator of the earth.

It has many new technologies such as a highly agile or flexible camera; high-
speed data transmission, advanced computer system, etc.

Applications
Data from most of the Cartosat satellites are exclusively used by the armed
forces.
However, an existing policy allows only government and government
authorized agencies to access ISRO’s high-resolution imageries below a
resolution of 1 meter.
Cartosat-3’s optical imaging will also help to detect precise cartographic or
mapping activities.
The imageries are also used for urban and rural infrastructure planning,
coastal land use and regulation, utility management such as monitoring road
networks, water grids or distribution, creation of land use maps, disaster
management, etc.
 Cartosat Satellites

The Cartosat satellites are earth observation satellites, used mainly

for large-scale mapping of the Earth through high-resolution
cameras.
It also helps to detect changes in natural geographical or man-made
features. As their cameras can `look back and forth’ in an angle to
generate continuous spot images.
The Earth-observation satellites also include the Resourcesat and
RISAT series, the Oceansat series.
The Resourcesat and RISAT series of satellites, for example,
provide images and data that are needed for land and water
resources applications.
The Oceansat series and the SARAL satellite, meanwhile, produce
data on the oceans.
The satellites like INSAT 3D, INSAT-VRR, or Megha Tropiques study
the atmosphere.

NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation)

Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) is an independent regional
navigation satellite system designed to provide position information in the
Indian region and 1500 km around the Indian mainland.

It was developed in India by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and its
commercial wing ANTRIX.

IRNSS would provide two types of services, namely Standard Positioning

Services available to all users and Restricted Services provided to authorised
users.

It consists of 8 satellites located at a distance of approximately 36,000 Km.

Currently, 7 satellites are active.

3 satellites are in Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

5 satellites are in inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO)
The objective of the NavIC is to provide navigation, timing, and reliable
positioning services in and around India.

Working of the NavIC is very similar to the Global Positioning System(GPS)

implemented by the United States. 

The NavIC is certified by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) which is

responsible for coordinating mobile telephony standards globally.

Its applications include:

Terrestrial, Aerial, and Marine Navigation.

Disaster Management.
Vehicle tracking and fleet management.
Integration with mobile phones.
Precise Timing.
Mapping and Geodetic data capture.
Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travelers.
Visual and voice navigation for drivers.

Read Here in detailed – Navigation Satellite System

GSAT-30
 ISRO has launched telecommunication satellite GSAT-30 into
a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) from Kourou launch base, French
Guiana by European Ariane-5 VA-251.

GSAT-30 satellite will replace INSAT-4A which was launched in 2005.

A European communication satellite named EUTELSAT KONNECT was also
launched with GSAT-30.

Weight: GSAT-30 weighs 3,357-kg and will be gradually adjusted into a orbit

36,000 km from the earth.

It was launched from the foreign launcher because it is much heavier than the
lifting capacity of its geostationary launch vehicle GSLV-MkII (It has the
capacity to lift 2500kg).
 The GSLV-MkIII can lift up to 4,000 kg, but ISRO plans to use the upcoming
MkIIIs mainly for its first human space flight Gaganyaan of 2022.

Use:

It will provide DTH (direct to home) television services, connectivity to VSATs

(that support working of banks’) ATMs, stock exchange, television uplinking
and teleport services, digital satellite news gathering and e-governance
applications.
The satellite will also be used for bulk data transfer for a host of emerging
telecommunication applications.

Coverage :

The satellite provides Indian mainland and island coverage in Ku-band and

extended coverage in C-band covering Gulf countries, a large number of
Asian countries, and Australia.
The Ku and C bands are part of a spectrum of frequencies, ranging from 1 to
40 gigahertz, that are used in satellite communications.

What is Arianespace?

It is the world’s first commercial launch service provider and since the

launch of India’s APPLE experimental satellite on Ariane Flight L03 in 1981,
Arianespace has orbited 24 satellites, including Gsat-30, for the Indian
space agency.

GEMINI
The Union Minister of Earth Sciences has recently launched the Gagan Enabled
Mariner’s Instrument for Navigation and Information (GEMINI) device.

The device is developed for effective dissemination of emergency information

and communication on Ocean States Forecast and mapping of Potential
Fishing Zones (PFZ) to fishermen.
 Ocean States Forecast provides an accurate state of the ocean that includes
the forecasts related to winds, waves, ocean currents, water temperature, etc.
PFZ provide information about the probable locations of fish aggregation in
the seas to the fishermen.

The device will help to provide information related to disaster warnings when
fishermen move away from the coast beyond 10 to 12 kilometres. 

The GEMINI device receives and transfers the data received from GAGAN
satellite/s to a mobile through Bluetooth communication. A mobile application
developed by INCOIS decodes and displays the information in nine regional
languages. 

It has been developed by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information

Services (INCOIS), and the Airports Authority of India (AAI). 

It is electronically designed and manufactured by a private industry M/S Acord,

Bangalore under the Make in India Program. 

Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) in collaboration

with the Airports Authority of India (AAI) utilized the GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo
Augmented Navigation) satellite while developing the GEMINI device.

GAGAN was developed by the Indian Space Research Organization

(ISRO) and the Airports Authority of India. It is India’s first satellite-based
global positioning system that relies on ISRO’s GSAT satellites.

The drawback of this device is that it only allows one-way communication, i.e, it

can’t be used by fishermen to make calls.

Also, it is relatively expensive for the average fisherman (priced at ₹9,000

per device). Attempts are being made to subsidize it by as much as 90%.

UNISPACE Nanosatellite Assembly &Training (UNNATI) program

ISRO launched a capacity building program on Nanosatellite development
named UNNATI.
 It is an initiative to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first United
Nations conference on the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space
(UNISPACE+50).
It would provide opportunities to the participating developing countries to
strengthen in assembling, integrating, and testing of Nanosatellite.

Space Technology Cells (STCs)

ISRO has set up 5 Space Technology Cells (STCs) at Indian Institute of
Technologies (IITs) – Bombay, Kanpur, Kharagpur & Madras; Indian Institute of
Science (IISc), Bengaluru and Joint Research Programme with Savitribai
Phule Pune University (SPPU, Pune) to carry out research activities in the
areas of space technology and applications.
IIT Delhi is also going to set up an STC in collaboration with ISRO.
ISRO desires the development of high-end technology in collaboration
with IITs in the areas of Space Science, Space Technology, and Space
Applications. ISRO would fund the identified projects.

Indian Neutrino project

The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) Project is a multi-institutional
effort aimed at building a world-class underground laboratory with a rock
cover of approx.1200 m for non-accelerator based high energy and nuclear
physics research in India. The initial goal of INO is to study neutrinos.
It is a mega-science project jointly funded by the Department of Atomic
Energy (DAE) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST).

The project includes:

1. Construction of an underground laboratory and associated surface facilities

at Pottipuram in Bodi West hills of Theni District of Tamil Nadu.
2. Construction of an Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector for studying neutrinos.
3. Setting up of National Centre for High Energy Physics at Madurai, for the
operation and maintenance of the underground laboratory, human resource
development, and detector R&D along with its applications.

What are neutrinos?