Chapter 4

Introduction to Communication
Systems
(EEEg3152)
Chapter IV
Angle Modulation and Demodulation
Prepared by: Fisiha Abayneh

Email: fisiha.abayneh@aastu.edu.et
Chapter IV
Angle Modulation & Demodulation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basic Concepts of Angle Modulation
4.3 Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth of PM & FM
4.4 Comparison of FM and PM
4.5 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM.
4.6 Generation Techniques of FM Signals.
4.7 Commercial PM and FM Broadcasting.

2
4.1 Introduction
Recall that, modulation process uses one of the three attributes

(amplitude, frequency or phase) of a carrier signal to facilitate
transmission of the message signal.
When frequency or phase is used, the modulation type is known

as Angle Modulation.
NB:- Both frequency and phase constitute the general angle
of a signal.
3
4.1 Introduction…
Obviously, there are two classes of angle modulation:

Frequency Modulation (FM):
The frequency of the carrier signal is made to vary
according to amplitude variations of the message signal.
Phase Modulation (PM):
The phase of the carrier signal varies proportionally with
changes in the amplitude of modulating signal.
4
The wave equation:-
Mathematically, angle modulated signal can be expressed using

a sin function as:
Where:-
 is the angle modulated signal (can be FM or PM)
 is the amplitude of the carrier signal
 is the angular frequency of the carrier ().
 is the instantaneous phase deviation.
5
4.2 Basic Concepts of Angle Modulation…
Instantaneous Phase Deviation:-
It is denoted by .
It represents the instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier

signal with respect to a reference phase.
Instantaneous Phase:-
It is the precise value of the phase of the carrier signal at a given
instant.
6
Instantaneous Frequency Deviation:-
It is the instantaneous change in carrier frequency.
It is defined as a rate at which the instantaneous phase deviation

takes place.
Instantaneous Frequency:-
It is the frequency of the carrier at a given instant.
7
Wave Equation of PM:-
Let’s consider a message signal of cosine wave give as:-
In phase modulation, the instantaneous phase deviation is

directly proportional to the message signal.
 is a proportionality constant, and it is known as deviation sensitivity of

phase.
8
Wave Equation of PM:- …
By replacing in the general wave equation of angle modulated

signal, equation of PM wave can be derived as:
9
Wave Equation of FM:-
In FM, the instantaneous frequency deviation is directly

proportional to the message signal.
 is the deviation sensitivity of frequency.
From the above equation, can be found by integrating .
10
Wave Equation of FM:- …
Then, replacing in the general angle modulated signal equation,

FM wave equation can be formulated.
11
Wave Equation of FM:- …
The wave forms of PM and FM are very similar to the point

they are indistinguishable by simple observation.
12
13
Source:- https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-6ad910803e833f03517abb5ea02f4c72
14
Source:- https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Amfm3-en-de.gif/250px-Amfm3-en-de.gif
Frequency Deviation ():-
It is the maximum deviation of the instantaneous frequency as

compared to the carrier frequency.
A formula can be derived for frequency deviation by taking the

maximum value of instantaneous frequency deviation, .
15
Frequency Deviation ():- …
For PM:-
For FM:-
16
Modulation Index ():-
The modulation index of angle modulated signal is defined as

the ratio of frequency deviation to the frequency of modulating
signal.
17
Modulation Index ():- …
For PM:-
For FM:-
18
Modulation Index ():- …
The equations of angle modulated wave can be re-written using

as follows:-
FM
PM
19
Deviation Ratio ():-
Practically, the frequency of message signal is not a fixed value.

This causes the modulation index of FM to vary with .
In many applications, deviation ratio (DR) is used rather than

modulation index.
DR is defined as a ratio of frequency deviation to the max value

of modulating frequency.
20
Deviation Ratio ():- …
Basically, it is the modulation index related to the maximum

modulating frequency.
21
Chapter IV
4.1 Introduction
4.3 Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth of PM & FM.

22
4.3 Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
of PM & FM
Unlike AM modulation, the frequency spectrum of angle
modulated waves have the carrier component and infinite
number of sidebands.
But, only significant sidebands are considered, and the rest are filtered off
using appropriate filters.
Since both FM & PM have similar spectrums, let’s consider PM

wave for spectral analysis.
23
of PM & FM …
This equation can be simplified for spectral analysis using
Bessel functions of the first kind.
 are Bessel functions, whose values depend on [see the

following table]
24
4.3 Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth of
PM & FM …
25
Source:- https://media.cheggcdn.com/media/523/5238e06a-85f5-421b-ad7c-cb8fb31e3486/phpuDh1NH.png
of PM & FM …
Note that, only significant values of Bessel functions ()

are considered in the table,
Otherwise, there will be infinite values for each .
These values correspond to significant sidebands.
Once the equation is simplified, the FT of , taking

positive frequencies and magnitude values of amplitude,
is given by:-
26
of PM & FM …
27
Source:- https://slideplayer.com/slide/12185195/71/images/56/Fig.+%3A+Ideal+Frequency+Spectrum+of+FM.jpg
of PM & FM …
Now, it is clearly visible that the frequency spectrum contains:-
Carrier component at
Side bands at
Note also that:-

Adjacent sidebands are separated by a frequency of
Side bands are symmetrical across .
28
of PM & FM …
Bandwidth
The bandwidth of angle modulated wave depends on the

number of sidebands retained, and hence on .
Naturally, the bandwidth is infinite…
Infinite sidebands => infinite bandwidth.
In this case, the bandwidth can be calculated as:-
Where:- n is the number of sidebands.

29
of PM & FM …
Bandwidth...
Generally, the bandwidth of angle modulated wave is given by

Carson's rule.
It defines the bandwidth that accommodates about 98% of
the total transmitted power.
Carson’s bandwidth is given by:
30
of PM & FM …
Power
The amplitude of angle modulated wave is constant (), and it

doesn’t vary during modulation.
As a result, the average transmission power of FM & PM is

given as:-
31
Chapter IV
4.1 Introduction

32
No. Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)
Instantaneous frequency deviation is directly Instantaneous phase deviation is directly

1
proportional to message signal, proportional to message signal,
Noise immunity is superior to PM (and of

2 Noise immunity better than AM, but not FM.
course AM)
3 SNR is better than PM (and of course AM) SNR is not quite as good as with FM.
FM is widely used for commercial broadcast PM is primarily used for mobile

4
radio (88MHz to 108MHz) communication.
Modulation index is proportional to the Modulation index is proportional to the

5
amplitude of , but inversely proportional to its amplitude of the message signal
33
Chapter IV
4.1 Introduction

34
4.5 Narrowband and Wideband FM
Though narrow band and wideband modulations are applicable

for both FM & PM, the application, hence the term, is
commonly used for FM.
The value of frequency deviation () with respect to the

frequency of the message signal determines whether the FM is
narrowband or wideband.
Alternatively, the modulation index () is also used to identify
NBFM and WBFM.
35
4.5 Narrowband and Wideband FM…
Narrowband FM (NBFM):-
Typical modulation index for NBFM is:
The spectrum of NBFM has a carrier component and two

sidebands, just like that of AM.
As a result it’s bandwidth can be given by:-
36
Wideband FM (WBFM):-
Typical modulation index for WBFM is:
Ideally, spectrum of WBFM has a carrier component and

infinite sidebands. => infinite bandwidth!
But, in practical terms, the bandwidth has to be calculated by

Carson's rule.
37
There is no clear standard boundary between NBFM and

WBFM.
NBFM is usually employed to low power short range wireless

communication applications and mobile communications.
WBFM is use in commercial FM broadcasting.
38
Chapter IV
4.1 Introduction
4.5 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM
4.6 Generation Techniques of FM Signals

39
NBFM can be generated using the following model which is

developed from FM wave equation.
40
Source:- https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/images/nbfm_modulator.jpg
4.6 Generation Techniques of FM
Signals…
There are two methods to generate WBFM signals:-
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
Fig:- Direct method of WBFM generation
41
Source:- https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/images/direct_method.jpg
Signals…
Direct Method of FM generation
Very simple in operational sense.
Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is used in this method.

The message signal drives the VCO.
The VCO generates a carrier signal whose frequency varies
with the input message signal.
The output is a WBFM signal.
42
Signals…
Indirect Method of FM generation
In this method, NBFM is generated first.
Then, frequency multipliers and mixers are used to achieve the

desired frequency and deviation.
43
Source:- https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/images/indirect_method.jpg
 The Armstrong method is commonly known indirect method of
FM generation.
44
Source:- https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter5-130703173809-phpapp02/95/chapter-5-44-638.jpg?cb=1372873212
Chapter IV
4.1 Introduction
4.5 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM

45
4.7 Commercial PM and FM Broadcasting
Commonly, FM is used in commercial broadcasting.
The frequency band assigned for commercial FM is

broadcasting is 88MHz to 108MHz.
Channels with bandwidth of 200KHz each.
Commonly used parameters include:-

modulation index:-
 frequency deviation:-
Max. message signal frequency:-
46
4.7 Commercial PM and FM
Broadcasting…
47
Broadcasting…
48
Fig:- Measured spectrum of an FM radio signal
Broadcasting…
Fig:- Specifications for some FM commercial applications. 49

FM Demodulation
There are two methods of FM demodulation:

Frequency discrimination method
Phase discrimination method
Practically used frequency demodulators include:-

Time delay demodulator
FM slope detector
Balanced discriminator
Quadrature demodulator
Phase locked loop (PLL) demodulator
Zero crossing detector 50
AM vs FM
51

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Chapter 4

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Introduction to Communication

Angle Modulation and Demodulation

Prepared by: Fisiha Abayneh

4.2 Basic Concepts of Angle Modulation

4.3 Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth of PM & FM

4.4 Comparison of FM and PM

4.5 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM.

4.6 Generation Techniques of FM Signals.

4.7 Commercial PM and FM Broadcasting.

Recall that, modulation process uses one of the three attributes

When frequency or phase is used, the modulation type is known

Obviously, there are two classes of angle modulation:

The wave equation:-

Mathematically, angle modulated signal can be expressed using

Instantaneous Phase Deviation:-

It represents the instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier

Instantaneous Frequency Deviation:-

It is the instantaneous change in carrier frequency.

It is defined as a rate at which the instantaneous phase deviation

It is the frequency of the carrier at a given instant.

Wave Equation of PM:-

Let’s consider a message signal of cosine wave give as:-

In phase modulation, the instantaneous phase deviation is

 is a proportionality constant, and it is known as deviation sensitivity of

Wave Equation of PM:- …

By replacing in the general wave equation of angle modulated

Wave Equation of FM:-

In FM, the instantaneous frequency deviation is directly

 is the deviation sensitivity of frequency.

From the above equation, can be found by integrating .

Wave Equation of FM:- …

Then, replacing in the general angle modulated signal equation,

Wave Equation of FM:- …

The wave forms of PM and FM are very similar to the point

Frequency Deviation ():-

It is the maximum deviation of the instantaneous frequency as

A formula can be derived for frequency deviation by taking the

Frequency Deviation ():- …

Modulation Index ():-

The modulation index of angle modulated signal is defined as

Modulation Index ():- …

Modulation Index ():- …

The equations of angle modulated wave can be re-written using

Deviation Ratio ():-

Practically, the frequency of message signal is not a fixed value.

In many applications, deviation ratio (DR) is used rather than

DR is defined as a ratio of frequency deviation to the max value

Deviation Ratio ():- …

Basically, it is the modulation index related to the maximum

4.2 Basic Concepts of Angle Modulation

4.3 Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth of PM & FM.

4.4 Comparison of FM and PM

4.5 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM.

4.6 Generation Techniques of FM Signals.

4.7 Commercial PM and FM Broadcasting.

Since both FM & PM have similar spectrums, let’s consider PM

 are Bessel functions, whose values depend on [see the

Note that, only significant values of Bessel functions ()

Once the equation is simplified, the FT of , taking

Note also that:-

The bandwidth of angle modulated wave depends on the

In this case, the bandwidth can be calculated as:-

Where:- n is the number of sidebands.

Generally, the bandwidth of angle modulated wave is given by