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TOPIC: ASYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY AND

ITS APPLICATION

RAMKRISHNA MAHATO GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

STUDENT’S’NAME: Purnendu Bayen

ROLL NO: 35000120016

DEPARTMENT: CSE
SEMESTER: 8TH
SUBJECT NAME: MOBILE COMPUTING
SUBJECT CODE: OEC- CS801C(8276)

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Click to edit Master titleIntroduction
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Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a set of communication standards and protocols designed to enable secure
and efficient access to information and services on the internet using mobile devices. It acts as a bridge between
wireless networks and the World Wide Web, allowing mobile users to interact with web-based content in a manner
optimized for the constraints of mobile devices, such as limited screen size and bandwidth. WAP includes components
like the WAP Gateway, Wireless Markup Language (WML), and WAP Browser, working together to facilitate the delivery
of text-based information and basic services over wireless connections. The primary goals of WAP are to ensure
platform independence, mobility, and security in the mobile internet environment.

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How style
WAP Works
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) works through a series of components and protocols that facilitate the communication between mobile
devices and the internet. Here's a simplified explanation of how WAP works:
• User Interaction:
A user initiates a request on a mobile device, such as accessing a website or a specific service.
• WAP Browser:
The user's request is processed by a WAP-enabled browser on the mobile device.
• Wireless Markup Language (WML):
If the requested content is web-based, it is typically written in WML, a markup language specifically designed for wireless devices.
• Request Sent to WAP Gateway:
The WAP Browser sends the user's request to a WAP Gateway. The gateway is a server that acts as an intermediary between the mobile
device and the internet.
• WAP Gateway Processing:
The WAP Gateway receives the request and translates it into a format suitable for the mobile device and the wireless network.

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• Communication with Web Server:
The WAP Gateway communicates with the web server hosting the requested content on behalf of the mobile device.

• Content Translated to WML:

If necessary, the content from the web server is translated into WML by the WAP Gateway.

• Response Sent to Mobile Device:

The WAP Gateway sends the translated content or service back to the WAP Browser on the mobile device.

• Display on Mobile Device:

The WAP Browser interprets the received content and displays it on the mobile device's screen.

• User Interaction Continues:

The user can interact with the displayed content, and subsequent requests follow a similar process through the WAP
Gateway.

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Click to edit MasterKey
titleFeatures
style of WAP
The key features of Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) include:
• Text-Based Content:
WAP primarily uses text-based content, optimizing data transfer for efficient use of bandwidth on mobile networks.
• Mobility:
Designed to support users on the move, allowing access to information and services through mobile devices.
• Platform Independence:
Works across various wireless networks and supports different types of mobile devices, providing a consistent experience.
• Security Measures:
Implements security protocols to ensure the secure transmission of data over wireless networks, protecting user information.
• WAP Gateway:
Serves as an intermediary between mobile devices and the internet, translating and optimizing content for mobile consumption.

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• Wireless Markup Language (WML):
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A markup language specifically designed for creating content in WAP, catering to the limitations of mobile devices.

• WAP Browser:
Mobile application responsible for interpreting WML and rendering content on the mobile device's screen.

• Optimized for Mobile Experience:

Tailored to the constraints of mobile screens and limited input capabilities, providing a user-friendly experience.

• Low Bandwidth Usage:

Prioritizes efficiency by minimizing data usage, making it suitable for networks with limited bandwidth.

• Supports Basic Services:

Originally designed for basic services, such as email, information retrieval, and simple transactions, on mobile devices.

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Benefits of style
WAP for mobile users
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) offers several benefits for mobile users, enhancing their internet experience on mobile devices. Here
are some key advantages:
• Internet Access on the Go:
WAP enables users to access the internet and online services on their mobile devices, providing the flexibility to stay connected while on
the move.
• Platform Independence:
WAP is designed to work across various wireless networks and support different types of mobile devices, ensuring a consistent experience
regardless of the user's device or network provider.
• Text-Based Content for Efficiency:
WAP prioritizes text-based content, optimizing data transfer for efficient use of bandwidth. This approach ensures a smoother experience,
especially in environments with limited network resources.
• Mobile-Friendly Experience:
WAP is tailored to the constraints of mobile screens and limited input capabilities, providing a user-friendly interface for accessing web
content on smaller devices.
• Low Bandwidth Usage:
By minimizing data usage, WAP is suitable for networks with limited bandwidth, making it cost-effective and efficient for mobile users,
particularly in areas with slower network speeds.
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• Basic Service Support:

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Originally designededit Master
for basic services,
to essential needs on mobile devices.
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WAP supports style
functionalities such as email, information retrieval, and simple transactions, catering

• Security Measures:
WAP incorporates security protocols to ensure the secure transmission of data over wireless networks, protecting user information during
internet interactions on mobile devices.

• Adaptability to Evolving Technologies:

WAP has evolved with advancements in mobile technology, adapting to changes in network capabilities and incorporating improvements to
enhance the overall mobile internet experience.

• Integration with Mobile Applications:

WAP technology can integrate with mobile applications, enabling users to seamlessly access web-based content and services through
dedicated applications on their mobile devices.

• Enhanced Connectivity:
WAP facilitates improved connectivity by acting as a standardized protocol, allowing mobile devices to communicate with the internet and
access a wide range of online resources.

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Challenges and Limitations
While Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) has provided a means for mobile users to access the internet and services, it has faced several
challenges and limitations, especially in its earlier implementations. Some of these challenges include:
• Limited Bandwidth:
WAP was designed during a time when mobile networks had limited bandwidth. This constraint led to slower data transfer speeds, affecting
the overall user experience.
• Text-Heavy Content:
WAP primarily focuses on text-based content, which might limit the richness of multimedia and interactive features available on the web.
This can result in a less engaging user experience.
• User Interface Constraints:
The small screen sizes and limited input capabilities of early mobile devices posed challenges for designing user-friendly interfaces.
Navigating through websites on small screens with basic input methods was not as intuitive as on larger screens.
• Security Concerns:
Early implementations of WAP had security vulnerabilities. The use of Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) for securing
communications was not as robust as contemporary security standards.

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• Device Compatibility Issues:
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devices and versions could arise, leading to inconsistencies in the rendering of content
and functionality.
• Evolution of Mobile Technologies:
WAP was developed in a time when mobile technologies were still emerging. The subsequent evolution of mobile networks, such as the
transition to 3G, 4G, and 5G, has surpassed the capabilities of early WAP standards.
• Competition with Native Apps:
The rise of native mobile applications has provided a more seamless and feature-rich experience compared to WAP. Users increasingly prefer
dedicated apps that can offer better performance and functionality.
• Complexity of WML:
Wireless Markup Language (WML), the markup language used by WAP, could be complex and less familiar to developers accustomed to
HTML. This complexity made it challenging to create and maintain WAP-compatible content.
• Limited Services Offered:
WAP was initially designed for basic services like email and simple information retrieval. As user expectations and technology advanced,
there was a demand for more sophisticated services and multimedia content.
• Transition to Mobile Web Standards:
The advent of HTML5 and other mobile web standards has provided a more versatile and capable framework for creating mobile-friendly
content, reducing the reliance on WAP.

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Thank You

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