HYPOTHESIS

TESTING
NAME : PATEL AAYUSH MAHENDRABHAI

ENROLLMENT NO : 23084341007

SUBJECT : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CLASS : MSC.IT (AI & ML) – 1

GANPAT UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION

THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF TAKING A SAMPLE FROM A POPULATION IS

TO GET RELIABLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE POPULATION
CHARACTERISTICS UNDER STUDY. THE METHOD OF ESTIMATING
THE UNKNOWN CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION ON THE BASIS
OF SAMPLE INFORMATION IS KNOWN AS STATISTICAL INFERENCE.
IT MAINLY CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS.

(1) ESTIMATION , AND

(2) TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

PARAMETER AND STATIC :

A CONSTANT OBTAINED FROM ALL THE OBSERVATIONS OF A

POPULATION IS CALLED A PARAMETER. WHERE AS A CONSTANT
OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS IS CALLED
STATISTIC. THE FOLLOWINGS ARE SOME PARAMETERS AND
STATISTICS.
particulars parameter static
Size N n
Mean μ X̅
Standard Deviation σ S
Proportion of some attributes P p
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

• FROM A POPULATION OF SIZE N, NUMBER OF SAMPLES OF SIZE N

CAN BE SELECTED AND THESE SAMPLES GIVES DIFFERENT
VALUES OF A STATISTIC. THESE DIFFERENT VALUES OF STATISTIC
CAN BE ARRANGED IN FORM OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
WHICH IS KNOWN AS SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THAT
STATISTIC. E.G. IF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF SIZE N ARE DRAWN
FROM A POPULATION THEN FOR EACH OF THE SAMPLE WE CAN
FIND SAMPLE MEAN AND THUS FOR DIFFERENT SAMPLES, WE
HAVE DIFFERENT VALUES OF SAMPLE MEAN AND ON THE BASIS
OF THESE DIFFERENT VALUES OF SAMPLE MEAN WE CAN FORM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS WHICH IS KNOWN
AS SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEAN. SIMILARLY WE
CAN HAVE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF PROPORTION P, ETC.
 STANDARD ERROR AND STATISTIC :
THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE SAMPLE STATISTICS OBTAINED FROM
THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION IS CALLED STANDARD ERROR OF THAT
STATISTIC. E.G. IF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF THE SAME SIZE N ARE DRAWN
FROM A POPULATION THEN WE HAVE DIFFERENT VALUES OF SAMPLE MEAN
X̅ . THE STANDARD DEVIATION OBTAINED FROM THE SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF X̅ IS CALLED STANDARD ERROR OF X̅ .

USES OF STANDARD ERROR: THE FOLLOWINGS ARE THE MAIN USES OF

STANDARD ERROR
(1) TO DETERMINE THE PRECISION OF THE SAMPLE ESTIMATES
• PRECISION OF STATISTIC = 1/S.E. OF THE STATISTIC
(2) TO OBTAIN CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE PARAMETER OF THE
POPULATION.
(3) TO TEST WHETHER THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VALUE OF SAMPLE
STATISTIC
AND POPULATION PARAMETER IS SIGNIFICANT OR NOT.
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS :

A STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS IS AN ASSUMPTION OR ANY LOGICAL STATEMENT ABOUT THE

PARAMETER OF THE POPULATION OR THE NATURE OF THE POPULATION E.G.

1) THE POPULATION MEAN IS 25

2) THE AVERAGE WEIGHT OF STUDENTS OF COLLEGE A IS HIGHER THAN THAT OF

STUDENTS OF COLLEGE B.

3) PROPORTION OF NON-VEGETARIANS STUDENTS IS LOWER THAN 20% THE ASSUMPTION

OF A PARTICULAR VALUE FOR THE POPULATION PARAMETER IS A SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS.

E.G. THE HYPOTHESIS (1) GIVEN ABOVE IS THE SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS. THE ASSUMPTION OF

THE VALUE WHICH IS GREATER THAN OR LESS THAN THE ACTUAL VALUE OF THE

POPULATION PARAMETER IS SAID TO BE COMPOSITE HYPOTHESIS E.G. THE HYPOTHESIS

(II) AND (III) GIVEN ABOVE IS THE COMPOSITE HYPOTHESIS.

Null Hypothesis: A statistical hypothesis which is written for the possible acceptance is called null
hypothesis and is denoted by Ho

e.g.
(1) Mean of the population is 60 i.e. Ho: µ = 60
(2) Means of both the populations are equal i.e. H0 : μ1 = μ2.
(3) The coin is unbiased i.e.

Ho: P= 1/2

(4) The proportions of tea drinkers in both the cities are equal Le.

Ho: P1 = P2
Alternate Hypothesis:

A Hypothesis complementary to the null hypothesis is called alternate

hypothesis and it is denoted by H1

e.g.
(i) H1: μ != 60

(ii) H1: μ1 > μ2

(iii) H₁: P1< P2

etc. are the examples of alternate hypothesis.

In any hypothesis, if the parameter assumes specific value then it is

called simple hypothesis. For example. Ho: P =1/2 . Whereas in the

hypothesis, if the parameter assumes set of values then it is called

composite

hypothesis. For example. Ho: p2 >= ½

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS :

• THE HYPOTHESIS CAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO DIFFERENT

TYPES. THEY ARE:

1. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS

• A SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS IS A HYPOTHESIS THAT THERE EXISTS A

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. ONE IS CALLED A
DEPENDENT VARIABLE, AND THE OTHER IS CALLED AN
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
2. Complex Hypothesis

A complex hypothesis is used when there is a relationship between

the existing variables. In this hypothesis, the dependent and
independent variables are more than two.

3. Null Hypothesis

In the null hypothesis, there is no significant difference between the

populations specified in the experiments, due to any experimental or
sampling error. The null hypothesis is denoted by H0.

4. Alternative Hypothesis

In an alternative hypothesis, the simple observations are easily

influenced by some random cause. It is denoted by the Ha or H1.
5. Empirical Hypothesis

An empirical hypothesis is formed by the experiments and based on the

evidence.

6. Statistical Hypothesis

In a statistical hypothesis, the statement should be logical or illogical,

and the hypothesis is verified statistically.

Apart from these types of hypothesis, some other hypotheses are

directional and non-directional hypothesis, associated hypothesis,
casual hypothesis.
The important characteristics of the hypothesis are:

• The hypothesis should be short and precise

• It should be specific
• A hypothesis must be related to the existing body of knowledge
• It should be capable of verification
1. Null Hypothesis
2. Alternative Hypothesis
3. Paired T-test
4. Level of Significance