UNIT-III

Signal transmission through

Linear Systems

Prof.S.Maheswara Reddy, 1
Dept.of.ECE
Continuous Time
Systems

Prof.S.Maheswara Reddy, Dept.of.ECE 2

 Linear shift invariant
(LSI) Systems
• A system is said to be LSI if the system
obeys the properties of Linearity and shift
invariant.
• Linear system:
A system is said to be linear if
superposition theorem applies to that system.
Consider the two systems defined as follows:
y1(t)= f [x1(t)] , y2(t) = f [x2(t)]
Then for the linear system
f [a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)]= a1 f [x1(t)]+a2 f
[x2(t)]
where a1 and a2 are constants
Prof.S.Maheswara
3
Reddy, Dept.of.ECE
 Shift Invariant Systems

• A system is said to be shift

invariant if a time delay or time
advance of the input signal leads
to a identical time shift in the
yi (t )  H {x(t  t0 )}
output signal.
 H {S t 0 {x(t )}}  HS t 0 {x(t )}
y0 (t )  S t 0 { y (t )}
 S t 0 {H {x(t )}}  S t 0 H {x(t )}

Prof.S.Maheswara
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Reddy, Dept.of.ECE
Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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 The Convolution Integral

Exact
Excitation

Approximate
Excitation

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The Convolution Integral

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The Convolution Integral

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The Convolution Integral

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The Convolution Integral

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The Convolution Integral

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The Convolution Integral

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The Convolution Integral

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The Convolution Integral

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The Convolution Integral

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The Convolution Integral

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A Graphical Illustration of the
Convolution Integral

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A Graphical Illustration of the
Convolution Integral

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A Graphical Illustration of the
Convolution Integral

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A Graphical Illustration of the
Convolution Integral

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A Graphical Illustration of the
Convolution Integral

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 A Graphical Illustration of the
Convolution Integral
process of convolving to find y(t) is illustrated b

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A Graphical Illustration of the
Convolution Integral

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A Graphical Illustration of the
Convolution Integral

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Convolution Example

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Convolution Example

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Convolution Integral Properties

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Unit Impulse Response and Unit
Step Response

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Stability and Impulse Response

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 Systems Described by
Differential Equations

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 Systems Described by
Differential Equations

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 Systems Described by
Differential Equations

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 Systems Described by
Differential Equations

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Discrete Time Systems

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response

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Impulse Response Example

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Impulse Response Example

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Impulse Response Example

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Impulse Response Example

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Impulse Response Example

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Impulse Response Example

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 System Response
• Once the response to a unit impulse is
known, the response of any LTI system to
any arbitrary excitation can be found
• Any arbitrary excitation is simply a sequence
of amplitude-scaled and time-shifted
impulses
• Therefore the response is simply a sequence
of amplitude-scaled and time-shifted impulse
responses

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Simple System Response Example

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More Complicated System
Response Example
System
Excitation

System
Impulse
Response

System
Response

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The Convolution Sum

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A Convolution Sum Example

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A Convolution Sum Example

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A Convolution Sum Example

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A Convolution Sum Example

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Convolution Sum Properties

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Convolution Sum Properties
(continued)

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Stability and Impulse Response

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Unit Impulse Response and Unit
Sequence Response

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Systems Described by
Difference Equations

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Systems Described by
Difference Equations

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Frequency Response

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Frequency Response

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Frequency Response
Example

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Frequency Response
Example

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