Presentation On

Modulus of elasticity

Presented by
mohamed hatem
 Introduction
Strength is a function of the capacity to withstand stress without
permanent deformation or fracture, while hardness is associated with
deformation under a given level of stress. Such properties should be
determined in laboratory, and the common assays used include uniaxial
stress, tensile, and compressive tests, which are used to determine the
relationship between the means of normal stress and specific
longitudinal deformation. Tensile and compressive strength data indicate
where deformation occurs under a given stress level, affording to
construct a curve called stress-strain curve.
Concrete deforms when load is applied but this deformation does not
follow any simple set rule. The deformation depends upon the
magnitude of the load, the rate at which the load is applied and the
elapsed time after which the observation is made.
 Stress and strain

• Stress: Force per unit area arising from applied load.

• Tension, compression, shear, torsion or any combination.
• Stress = σ = force/area
• Strain: physical deformation response of a material to
stress, e.g., elongation
Axial Stress-Strain Curve for Brittle
Material
 Stress-strain curve of concrete
The true elastic curve for concrete in
compression (Figure) can be plotted by
applying and releasing load until the set
at zero loads becomes constant. By
subtracting the-set from the total
deformation the elastic deformation for
a given load is determined. Since
mortar and concrete have no elastic
limit, the modulus of elasticity for
concrete must be the slope of the stress
deformation curve at zero stress. The
elastic modulus of concrete varies from
14 GPA to 40 GPA . Its value increases
with the density and to some extent
with age.
 Typical Stress-Strain of Concrete
(1) At Stress < 30% of Ultimate Strength
– the Transition Zone Cracks will remain STABLE.
– The Stress-Strain Plot will remains LINEAR.

(2) At Stress 30% - 50% of Ultimate Strength

– the Transition Zone Micro-Cracks begin to be INCREASE in length,
width and numbers.
– The Stress-Strain Plot becomes NON-LINEAR.
(3) At 50 - 60% of Ultimate Stress
– Cracks begin to form in the Matrix.
(4) At about 75% of the Ultimate Stress
– the Cracks in the Transition become UNSTABLE, and
– Crack Propagation in the Matrix will INCREASE.
– The Stress-Strain Curve bends towards the Horizontal.
(5) At 75 - 80% of the Ultimate Stress,
– the Stress reaches to a Critical Stress Level for Spontaneous Crack Growth
under a Sustained Stress.
– Cracks Propagate rapidly in both the Matrix and the Transition Zone.
– Failure occurs when the Cracks Join together and become Continuous.
 Test methods
The modulus of elasticity is determined by subjecting a cube or cylinder
specimen to uniaxial compression and measuring the deformations by
means of dial gauges fixed between certain gauge length. Dial gauge
reading divided by gauge length will give the strain and load applied
divided by area of cross section will give the stress. A series of readings
are taken and the stress-strain relationship is established.

These samples were tested using the standard static loading method to
determine Young’s modulus of elasticity specified in ASTM C469,
Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio
of Concrete in Compression (C469). The standard compressive strength of
most of the cylindrical specimens was also measured, following standard
procedure ASTM C39, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens (C39).
Universal Testing Machine
The modulus of elasticity can also be determined by subjecting a concrete beam to
bending and then using the formulae for deflection and substituting other parameters.
The modulus of elasticity so found out from actual loading is called static modulus
of elasticity. It is seen that even under short term loading concrete does not behave as
an elastic material. However, up to about 10-15% of the ultimate strength of
concrete, the stress-strain graph is not very much curved and hence can give more
accurate value. For higher stresses the stress-strain relationship will be greatly
curved and as such it will be inaccurate.
 Modulus of Elasticity
• The modulus of a material describes how well it resists
deformation. A material with a higher modulus is stiffer and
has better resistance to deformation. The modulus is defined
as the force per unit area required to produce a deformation or
in other words the ratio of stress to strain.
• Modulus of Elasticity for compression concrete determined
from an Experimental Stress-Strain relation Curve

• Modulus of elasticity=Stress/Strain
ACI code 318
Modulus of elasticity, Ec , for concrete shall be permitted to be taken as (in MPa) for
values of Wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3. For normal weight concrete, Ec shall be
permitted to be taken as .

BS 8110-2
Ec = K̥ + 0.2 Fcu (Ec and Fcu at 28 day)
Ec,28 :is the static modulus of elasticity at 28 days;
fcu,28: is the characteristic cube strength at 28 days (in N/mm2);
Ko: is a constant closely related to the modulus of elasticity of the aggregate
(taken as 20 kN/mm2 for normal-weight concrete).
Ec=
Ed: dynamic modulus of elasticity
ASTM 469
•𝐸=
S2= Stress 40% f’c
S1= Stress at ε1 (50 ∗)
ε2 = Strain at “S2 ”
Factors affecting Modulus of Elasticity
1. Cement and aggregate factors.
Since compression concrete is a composite material, consisting of Cement
Paste and Agg, its Modulus of Elasticity depends on the Modulus of
Elasticity and the Volume Fractions of Cement Paste and Agg,
2. Moisture Condition Factor
• The Moisture Condition of the Specimen is a Factor: Modulus
of Elasticity a Wet Specimen is > Dry Specimen, by 3 to 4 GPa
• Note: The Effect of Moisture Condition of Specimen is
REVERSE in case of the Compr Str
3. Condition of Curing
• Another factor affecting the Modulus of Elasticity of
compression concrete is the manner in which the Test Cylinders
were Cured.
In general, compression concrete Specimens that were Cured in
Moist Conditions resulted in a Modulus value HIGHER than
those Cured in Dry conditions.
– This is due to the fact that in Dry conditions compression
concrete is more likely to have Drying Shrinkage.
– Drying Shrinkage causes Small Cracks. These Small Cracks
thus will cause the compression concrete to have a REDUCED
Modulus of Elasticity.
4. Age of concrete: As Age increases E increases

5. Mix Proportion ( C + A + W): All ingredients will have its

own effect. For a given mix, the effect of one variable should
be considered keeping all other variables constant.

6. Strength of compression concrete: As Strength increases E

increases
7. Effect of Transition Zone
• The Void Spaces and the Micro-Cracks in the Transition Zone
play a major role in affecting the Stress-Strain behavior of
compression concrete.
• The Transition Zone characteristics affect the Elastic Modulus
more than it affects the Compressive Strength of Concrete.