Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Product
Development Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
Sales and Profits
Sales
Profits
Time
Product Design
Source: https://img.clipartfest.com
http://blog.timereaction.com
http://nobacks.com
http://www.victor-aviation.com
Need of a New Product Design
Organization’s are required to design the new products for the following reasons:
• To be in business for a long time
• To satisfy unfulfilled needs of the customers
• Too much competition in the existing product line
• The profit margin is on the decline
• The company’s existing product line becomes saturated
and the sale is on the decline
Product Development
Source: http://eurasiacm.com/?tag=velosiped
New Product Design
Source : Product Design and Development, Fifth Edition by Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger 11
Design for Excellence (DFX)
• Design for Excellence or DFX is a systematic design approach that entails
wide range of guidelines and standards focused on optimizing the product
realization lifecycle.
• In reality, the term DFX is better thought of as Design for “X” where the
variable X is interchangeable with one of many values depending on the
particular objectives of the venture.
Design for Excellence (DFX) cont..
If these guidelines are not adhered during the design stage, it can lead to
engineering changes occurring at later stages of product lifecycle which are
highly expensive and can cause product delays and cost over-runs.
Some of the most common
substitutes for X includes: Design for
Assembly
Design for
Design for
Manufactu
• Design for Manufacturing Reliability
ring
(DFM)
Design for
• Design for Assembly (DFA) Manufacturing
and Assembly DFX Design for
Production
Definition
“DFM is the method of design for ease of manufacturing of the collection
of parts that will form the product after assembly”
Raw Materials
Labor Manufacturing
Finished Goods
Purchased
System
Components
Source: Ulrich, K. & Eppinger, S. (2000). Product Design and Development. Boston, MA: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Elements of the Manufacturing Cost of a Product
Manufacturing
Cost
Equipment Indirect
Standard Custom Labor and Tooling Support
Allocation
Raw
Processing Tooling
Material
Manufacturing Cost of a Product
• Component Costs (parts of the product)
Parts purchased from supplier
Custom parts made in the manufacturer’s own plant or by suppliers according to the
manufacturer’s design specifications
Recompute the
Manufacturing Costs
Good
N
enough
?
Y
Source: http://machinedesign.com/metals/following-dfm-guidelines-working-sheet-metal
Design for Assembly
(DFA)
Design for Assembly
Definition
DFA is the method of design of the product for ease of assembly.
• DFA is a tool used to assist the design teams in the design of products that
will transition to production at a minimum cost, focusing on the number of
parts, handling and ease of assembly.
.
Design for Assembly Principles
• Minimize part count
• Design parts with self-locating features
• Design parts with self-fastening features
• Minimize reorientation of parts during assembly
• Design parts for retrieval, handling, & insertion
• Emphasize ‘Top-Down’ assemblies
• Standardize parts…minimum use of fasteners.
• Encourage modular design
• Design for a base part to locate other components
• Design for component symmetry for insertion
Example 1
• Redesign of
motor drive
assembly
following
design for
assembly
(DFA)
analysis.
Cost of Assembly Vs Cost of Part Manufacture
Saving Total Saving
Assembly Saving
(DFA)
Part Manufacture
Optimum Saving (DFM)
Source : Product Design and Development, Fifth Edition by Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger 33
Design for Environment
Design for Environment (DFE) is a method to minimize or
eliminate environmental impacts of a product over its life
cycle.
Effective DFE practice maintains or improves product quality
and cost while reducing environmental impacts.
DFE expands the traditional manufacturer’s focus on the
production and distribution of its products to a closed-loop life
cycle.
Product Life Cycle
Materials Production
Disposal Distribution
Use
www.slideshare.net
Life Cycle
Life cycle thinking is the basis of Design for Environment.
The product lifecycle begins with the extraction and
processing of raw materials from natural resources, followed
by production, distribution and use of the product.
At the end of the product’s useful life there are several
recovery options – remanufacturing or reuse of components,
recycling of materials, or disposal through incineration or
deposit in a landfill.
36
Post-industrial
Recycling
Extraction
Materials Production
Resources Post-consumer
Recycling Remanufacturing
Industrial
Natural “Bio” “Product”
Life Cycle Life Cycle Distribution
Natural
Decay Recovery
Reuse
Disposal
Deposit Use
www.slideshare.net
The natural life cycle represents the growth and decay of
organic materials in a continuous loop.
The two life cycles intersect, with the use of natural materials
in industrial products and with the reintegration of organic
materials back into the natural cycle.
Product life cycles take place over a few months or years while
the natural cycle spans a wider range of time periods.
38
Natural Lifecycle and Product Lifecycle
Non-renewable
Resources Post-industrial
Recycling
Remanufacturing
Natural Post-consumer
“Biological” Recycling Product
Natural
Decay
Life Cycle “Industrial” Distribution
Toxics
Recovery Life Cycle
Organics Reuse
Inorganics
Deposit
Use
Source : Product Design and Development, Fifth Edition by Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger
Conditions for Sustainability
Eliminate use of non-renewable natural resources (including
non-renewable sources of energy).
Eliminate disposal of synthetic and inorganic materials that do
not decay quickly.
Eliminate creation of toxic wastes that are not part of natural
life cycles.
40
Environmental Impacts
Every product may have a number of environmental impacts over
its life cycle. The following list explains environmental impacts
deriving from the manufacturing sector:
Global warming
Resource depletion
Solid waste
41
Environmental Impacts
Water pollution
Air pollution
Land Degradation
Biodiversity
Ozone deletion
42
Design for Environment Process
Effective implementation of Design for Environment includes
activites throughout the product development process.
Steps of the DFE process are:
1. Set DFE Agenda.
2. Identify Potential Environmental Impacts.
3. Select DFE guidelines.
4. Apply DFE Guidelines to initial Designs.
43
Design for Environment Process
5. Assess Environmental Impacts.
6. Refine Design.
7. Reflects on DFE Process and Results.
44
Product 1. Set DFE Agenda
Planning
2. Identify Potential
Environmental Impacts
Concept
Development 3. Select Material and DFE
Guidelines
Activities throughout the
System-Level 4. Apply DFE Guidelines to
Initial Designs
product development process
Design
5. Assess Environmental
Impact
6. Refine Design
Detail
Design Compare to
DFE Goals N
Y
Process 7. Reflect on DFE Process
Improvement and Results
Step 1 : Set the DFE Agenda: Drivers, Goals, and
Team
The DFE process begins as early as the product planning phase
with setting the DFE agenda. This step consists of three activities:
Identifying the internal and external drivers of DFE.
Setting the environmental goals for the product.
Setting up the DFE team.
By setting this, the organization identifies a clear and actionable
path toward environmentally friendly product design.
46
Step 2 : Identify Potential Environmental Impacts
This enables the product development team to consider
environmental impacts at the concept stage even though little
or no specific data are yet available for the actual product and
a detailed environmental impact assessment is not yet possible.
47
The chart shown below is an adaptation of the LiDs Wheel
and the EcoDesign Web.
To create this chart, the team asks, “What are the significant
sources of potential environment impact in each life cycle
stage?”
Environmental
Impacts
Life Cycle
48
Step 3 : Select DFE Guidelines
Each lifecycle stage has its own DFE guidelines that provide
product development teams with instructions on how to reduce
the environmental impacts of a product.
Many guidelines related to Selection of Materials. This shows
the central role of materials in DFE.
49
Life Cycle Stages Design for Environment Guidelines
53
Step 4 : Apply the DFE Guidelines to the
Initial Product Design.
Step 5 : Assess to Environmental Impacts.
The next step is to assess, to the extent possible, the
environmental impacts of the product over its entire life cycle.
To do so with precision requires a detailed understanding of
how the product is to be produced, distributed, used over its
lifetime, and recycled or disposed at the end of its useful life.
54
Step 6 : Refine the Product Design to Reduce or
Eliminate the Environmental Impacts
The objective of this step and subsequent DFE iterations is to
reduce or eliminate any significant environmental impacts
through redesign.
The process repeats until the environmental impacts have been
reduced to an acceptable level and the environmental
performance fits the DFE goals.
Redesign for ongoing improvement of DFE may also continue
after production begins.
55
Step 7 : Reflect on the DFE Process and Results
With every aspect of the product development process, the
final activity is to ask:
How well did we execute the DFE process?
How can our DFE process be improved?
What DFE improvements can be made on derivative and
future products?
56