Health and Food and Nutrition

Consumption
IPB University
Globalization and Trends in
World Food Consumption
 What is globalization?

• Globalization is the process by which ideas,

knowledge, information, goods and services
spread around the world.
• Globalization, or globalisation as it is known in
some parts of the world, is driven by the
convergence of cultural and economic systems.
• This convergence promotes -- and in some cases
necessitates -- increased interaction, integration
and interdependence among nations.
Source : FAO 2022
Global per capita rice consumption, 1985–2018 (kg per person
per year)
Global per capita rice consumption, 1985–2018 (kg per person
per year)
Global per capita rice consumption, 1985–2018 (kg per person
per year)
Global per capita rice consumption, 1985–2018 (kg per person
per year)
Global per capita wheat consumption, 1985 –2018 (kg per person
peryear)
Global per capita wheat consumption, 1985 –2018 (kg per person
peryear)
Global per capita wheat consumption, 1985 –2018 (kg per person
peryear)
The Daily Staple
TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN NUTRITION AND
FOOD-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASE : The
importance of nutrient-dense choices
Why is Global Health Important?

• Ethical dimensions
• Impacts on the productivity of individuals and countries
• Links with economic and social development
• Implications for global security and freedom
• Huge expenditures by people and governments
• Lack of respect for boundaries – the health of anyone,
anywhere is the health of everyone, everywhere
The disease burden from non-
communicable diseases
Every country in the world is affected
by malnutrition

Every country has

a malnutrition problem,
irrespective of wealth

88% of countries
experience more than
one type of malnutrition
burden

2018 Global Nutrition Report

Leading Causes of Death for Low-Income Countries
and High-Income Countries, 2019

Rank Low-Income Countries Rank High-Income Countries

1 Neonatal disorders 1 Ischemic heart disease

2 Lower respiratory infections 2 Stroke

3 Diarrheal diseases 3 Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer

Alzheimer’s disease and other
4 Stoke 4
dementias
5 Ischemic heart disease 5 COPD

6 Malaria 6 Lower respiratory infections

7 Tuberculosis 7 Colorectal cancer

8 HIV/AIDS 8 Chronic kidney disease

9 Diabetes
9 Congenital defects
10 Pancreatic cancer
10 COPD

Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. (n.d.). GBD Compare: Viz Hub. Retrieved from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/.
Distribution of the Cause of Death, by World Bank Country
Income Group, 2019

Low-Income Countries Lower Middle-Income Countries

Group III Group III
8% 8%

Group I
27%

Group I
Group II 51%
41% Group II
64% Group I: Communicable,
Maternal, Neonatal, and
Nutritional Causes

Group II: Non-Communicable

Upper Middle-Income Countries High-Income Countries Diseases
Group III Group I Group III Group I
8% 7% 6% 5% Group III: Injuries

Group II Group II
86% 89%

Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. (n.d.). GBD Compare: Viz Hub. Retrieved from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/.
Leading Causes of DALYs for Low-Income Countries and
High-Income Countries, 2019

Rank Low-Income Countries Rank High-Income Countries

1 Neonatal disorders 1 Ischemic heart disease

2 Lower respiratory infections 2 Low back pain
3 Malaria 3 Stroke
4 Diarrheal diseases 4 Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer
5 HIV/AIDS 5 Diabetes
6 Congenital defects 6 COPD
7 Tuberculosis 7 Falls
8 8 Alzheimer’s disease and other
Stroke
dementias
9 Road injuries 9 Other musculoskeletal disorders
10 Ischemic heart disease 10 Depressive disorders

Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. (n.d.). GBD Compare: Viz Hub. Retrieved from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/.
Distribution of the Cause of DALYs, by World Bank Country
Income Group, 2019

Low-Income Countries Lower Middle-Income Countries

Group III Group III
8% 9%

Group I
35%
Group II
34% Group I
58% Group II
55% Group I: Communicable,
Maternal, Neonatal, and
Nutritional Causes

Group II: Non-Communicable

Upper Middle-Income Countries High-Income Countries Diseases
Group III Group I Group III Group I
11% 10% 10% 5% Group III: Injuries

Group II Group II
79% 86%

Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. (n.d.). GBD Compare: Viz Hub. Retrieved from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/.
THE MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY
OF FOOD-RELATED CHRONIC
DISEASES
TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN NUTRITION AND
FOOD-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASE : The
importance of nutrient-dense choices
Selected Examples of Root, Underlying, and
Immediate Determinants of Health
Leading Risk Factors for Death in Low-Income Countries and High-
Income Countries, 2019

Rank Low Income Countries Rank High-Income Countries

1 Particulate matter pollution 1 High blood pressure

2 High blood pressure 2 Smoking

3 Low birth weight and short gestation 3 High fasting plasma glucose

4 Child growth failure 4 High body-mass index

5 Unsafe water 5 High LDL cholesterol

6 High fasting plasma glucose 6 Kidney dysfunction

7 Unsafe sex 7 Alcohol use

8 Unsafe sanitation 8 Low temperature

9 Smoking 9 Diet low in whole grains

10 No access to handwashing facility 10 Particulate matter pollution

Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. (n.d.). GBD Compare: Viz Hub. Retrieved from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/.
Leading Risk Factors for DALYs in Low-Income Countries
and High-Income Countries, 2019
Rank Low-Income Countries Rank High-Income Countries

1 Low birth weight and short gestation 1 Smoking

2 Child growth failure 2 High body-mass index

3 Particulate matter pollution 3 High fasting plasma glucose

4 Unsafe water 4 High blood pressure

5 Unsafe sanitation 5 Alcohol use

6 No access to handwashing facility 6 High LDL cholesterol

7 Unsafe sex 7 Kidney dysfunction

8 High blood pressure 8 Drug use

9 High fasting plasma glucose 9 Particulate matter pollution

10 High body-mass index 10 Diet low in whole grains

Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. (n.d.). GBD Compare: Viz Hub. Retrieved from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/.
Diets low in nutritious foods are a leading
cause of healthy life years lost Risk factors

DALYs related to each dietary risk factor A diet that is low in

A diet that is high in

70
62.6 61.0
60
Ischemic heart disease
49.5 47.6
50
Other cancers
DALYs, millions

40 35.5
Diabetes mellitus 33.3
30
Ischemic stroke 20.1
20
14.2
Intracerebral hemorrhage
10 8.4
5.1 3.4 3.2 2.6 1.2 0.8
Colon and rectum cancer
0
Other Salt Trans
fatty acids
Processed
meat
Real
meat
Sugar-
sweetened
Whole Fruits Nuts and Vegetables Seafood Fibre Legumes Poly- Calcium Milk beverages
grains seeds omega-3 unsaturated
fatty acids fatty acids

2018 Global Nutrition Report

Diets of infants and young children are
suboptimal everywhere in all wealth groups

74.6% of children 6–
23 months of age do
not have sufficient
diet diversity for a
healthy diet –
75.6% in lowest
wealth quintile
56.7% in highest
wealth quintile

2018 Global Nutrition Report

Many countries have areas where majority of
people cannot afford a nutritious diet

Results from
the World Food
Program Fill the
Nutrient Gap
Tool

2018 Global Nutrition Report

Number of people with diabetes
Aged 20–79 years globally and by IDF region

32 | IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021 – 10th edition www.idf.org @IntDiabetesFed

Estimates and projections
Global number of adults (20–79 years) in millions

33 | IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021 – 10th edition www.idf.org @IntDiabetesFed

Number of adults with diabetes
Aged 20–79 years, 2021

34 | IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021 – 10th edition www.idf.org @IntDiabetesFed

Top 10 countries with diabetes
In adults aged 20–79 years and diabetes-related health expenditure, 2021

35 | IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021 – 10th edition www.idf.org @IntDiabetesFed

 The health burden of poor diets is
substantial and rising Percentage of premature
death attributable to dietary risks by region, 2010 and
2018
Premature death attributable

35%
A diet that is low in:
Fruits
to dietary risks (%)

30% Whole grains

Vegetables
25%
Legumes
Nuts and
seeds
20%
A diet that is high in:
Processed meat
15% Red meat Sugary
drinks
10%

Weight:
5% Obese
Overweight
Underweight
0%
2010 2018 2010 2018 2010 2018 2010 2018 2010 2018 2010 2018 2010 2018

Global Africa Asia Europe Latin Northern Oceania

average America America

2021 Global Nutrition Report: The state of global

nutrition
Prevalence of childhood stunting in Indonesia (2007-2022)

36, 37,
35, 2
8 3
6
4 30, Pandemi CO VID-
8 27, 19
7 24,4
21,6

17.8
1
4

2007 2010 2013 2016 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Target
: : RPJMN
Riskesdas SSGI

2
THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF
FOOD-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASE
 Direct Health Care Costs in the United
States

Source : HAayes and Asres 2022

 Indirect Costs in the United States : Lost
Wages, Lower Productivity, and Reduced
Revenues

Source : HAayes and Asres 2022

FOOD PRICES AND HEALTH OUTCOMES
 Food price data are abundant but underutilized

World food prices National food prices

(traded commodities only) (weighted by share of total expenditure)
Components:
Cereals
Vegetable oils
Sugar
Meat
Dairy

Vulnerability monitoring
(most commonly consumed
Source: www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation, April 2019
staples)
New price indexes account for nutritional needs

Cost of Recommended Diets

• Based on food-based dietary guidelines
• Food groups & servings (g) per day
• Choose foods that meet recommendations at
lowest total cost
Benin Food Guide India Food Guide

Cost of Nutrient Adequacy

• Lowest cost of meeting calorie, macronutrient, and Compare to
micronutrient needs Cost of
Caloric
• Specify quantity of each nutrient Adequacy
• Choose foods that meet needs at lowest total cost
U.S. Food Guide
 Cost of Recommended Diets (CoRD) in Ghana:
Vegetables are the most costly food group
For Ghana, with the average of all items in each food group (except dairy), total cost would be US$0.75/day
The required portions from each food group cost between $0.15 and $0.25 per day (Ghana 2015)

Fruits

Vegetables

Proteins

Starchy staples

$0.00 $0.05 $0.10 $0.15 $0.20 $0.25 $0.30

Cost per day (Ghana 2017): lowest-cost items
The cost of nutritious diets in the UK

According to The Food Foundation study Affordability of the UK’s Eatwell Guide
(September 2018), the cost of the UK Government’s recommended diet is 74% of
the household income of the poorest families (£41.93 per adult per week, or
£103.17 per week for a family of two adults and two children)

10 0 %
re quire d to buy the Ea twe ll Guide
Pe rce nta ge of a fte r-housing income

80 % 74%

60 %

40 %
28%
21% 22% 19%
20 % 16% 13% 11% 10 %
6%
0%
£11,70 0 £11,70 1- £15,861- £20 ,0 73- £24,961- £30 ,577- £37,441- £46,125- £58,293- £79,197
£15,860 £20 ,0 72 £24,960 £30 ,576 £46,124 £58,292 £79,196
Source: Food Foundation, 2018

2018 Global Nutrition Report

INFORMATION POLICIES
a. Food Prices and Health Outcomes
• Health education
• Nutritional labelling
• Restrictions to Advertising
"I CHECK NUTRITION LABELS ON SNACKS BEFORE
BUYING THEM"
Thank you