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AQUACULTURE
FISHERIES AND
AQUACULTURE: PRACTICES
AND SYSTEMS OF CULTURE
AND FRESHWATER
AQUACULTURE
 Mystery Box Game
Mechanics
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Aquaculture in
the Philippines
include freshwater milkfish pen culture, freshwater tilapia
cage culture, and the brackishwater pond culture of shrimp.
The development of pen and cage culture in protected coastal
areas is seen as the next frontier for expanding finfish
aquaculture production

Details of important management and production aspects of

milkfish, tilapia, and shrimp culture relevant to feeding and
fertilization strategies are summarized in the following
section
CULTURE
SYSTEMS AND
PRACTICES
Culture Systems

Most of the country’s brackishwater

ponds are used for extensive milkfish
culture.
 Pond culture

THESE PONDS ARE SHALLOW, RANGING FROM 30-

50 CM, IN ORDER TO MAXIMIZE LIGHT
PENETRATION FOR BENTHIC NATURAL FOOD
PRODUCTION. POND COMPARTMENTS ARE ALSO
LARGE, USUALLY BETWEEN 5-10 HA IN SIZE WITH
SINGLE GATES. EXTENSIVE MILKFISH PONDS
TYPICALLY PRODUCE A GROSS YIELD OF 500-750
KG/HA/CROP ALTHOUGH IN CERTAIN PROVINCES
IN THE COUNTRY, SUCH AS ILOILO AND CAPIZ,
GROSS YIELDS APPROACHING 1,000 KG/HA/CROP
ARE COMMON.
Pond compartments are also large,
usually between 5-10 ha in size with
single gates. Productivity of extensive
ponds relies on the supply of natural
food which is enhanced through
fertilization, control of competitors’
snails and fish (e.g. O. mossambicus),
and the use of a modular pond system
where stocks are moved to a newly
prepared pond everytime natural food
becomes limiting (for milkfish).
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 1

What is the measurement of the pond

in order to maximize light penetration
for natural food production.
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 1

Answer:
ranging from 30-50 cm
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Item # 2

How many hectar (ha) a pond

compartment usually have?
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 2

Answer:
between 5-10 ha in size with single
gates.
In semi-intensive culture, yield increases of up to
200-400% are attained over that of extensive
culture with supplemental feeding, deeper water,
and more frequent water change. Pumps are used
for maintaining a minimum pond depth and the
desired water quality. In intensive culture, small
ponds with at least 1 m water depth, supported by
pumping and aeration facilities, allow yields in
excess of ten fold that of extensive culture.
 Pen and cage
culture
Commercial operations are
being pioneered in Alaminos in
10,000- stocking density 50,000- Pangasinan, some parts of
20,000/ha 80,000 Manila Bay, Bantayan Island
(Cebu), and Davao del Norte
pieces/ha using stocking densities

Milkfish pen culture has been practised for over two 220 2150-300
decades in Laguna Lake. Fish are fed almost pieces/m
Freshwater cage culture is
popular in several small lakes
pieces/m Freshwater cage culture is
popular in several small lakes
exclusively on the plankton-rich water of the lake 3/6
3/3 around the country
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 3

Among the 4 places, name 1 place

where comercial operations are being
pioneered using stocking densities of
50,000-80,000 pieces/ha
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 3

Answers:
Pangasinan, Some part in Manila
Bay, Cebu, and Davao del Norte.
Fertilization
Practices

Natural food
types
MONTH AND YEAR
There are three important
natural foods raised in ponds
with fertilization , namely:
“lab-lab,” “lumut”
(filamentous algae), and
plankton (Table 72). It
consists of a benthic
community of cyanobacteria,
diatoms, and associated
invertebrates. It is the
presence of associated
organisms which gives lab-lab
its high food value.
Lumut consist mostly of
Chaetomorpha spp., with
Cladophora and
Enteromorpha as
associated species. It is
grown mainly as a food for
milkfish especially during
the rainy months and
under low salinity
conditions when growing
lab-lab is difficult.
Plankton on the other hand
includes numerous species
of microscopic diatoms,
algae, and zooplankton.
Plankton is the preferred
natural food for tilapia in
fresh and brackish water,
and is also the natural food
that abounds in lakes and
dams
Fertilizer
Application

MONTH AND YEAR

"Juliano (1985)
surveyed the
fertilization practices 91.7% 60%
employed by 44
brackishwater
milkfish farms in the
inorganic fertilizers organic fertilizers

provinces of Bataan,
Pangasinan, Aklan,
Capiz and Iloilo, 50% 432

both inorganic and organic

fertilizers
 The average inorganic
fertilizer used was 94.3
kg/ha/crop (1.9 bags) at a
nitrogen-phosphorus ratio
of 2-4:1, derived from urea
and ammonium phosphate
(16-20-0 or 18-46-0).
Organic fertilizer, largely in
the form of chicken manure
was applied at a rate of
461.3 kg/ha/crop. In all the
farms surveyed, the
dominant natural food
cultured was lab-lab.
 Progressive milkfish
farmers usually apply
chicken manure on the
pond bottom at a rate of
1 t/ha/crop, while
inorganic fertilizers are
applied at a rate of 150-
200 kg/ha/crop (basal
and side dressing) with
urea and 16-20-0
combined at a ratio of 1-
2:1.
Plankton is the natural
food propagated in
brackishwater and
freshwater tilapia culture
where the ponds are
relatively deep.
Inorganic fertilizer
(urea, 16-20-0, and/or
14-14-14) is generally
applied using the tray
method at 50 kg/ha
every two weeks.
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 4

There are three important natural

foods raised in ponds with
fertilization, give one.
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 4

Answers:

lab-lab, lumot and plankton

 Mystery Box Game
Item # 5
According to Juliano (1985) surveyed
, How many percentage does a farmer
used organic, in organic or both
organic and inorganic fertilizer in the
fish pond?
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 5 Answer
 Milkfish and tilapia

Feeding Practices This practice is sometimes referred to as modified-extensive culture. Feeding is decided when
most of the natural food appears to be already consumed (estimated visually), when growth rate
tapers, or when the fish starts to lose the fullness of its body. The amount of feed given in many
cases is only estimated.

Feeding is conducted twice or three times a day at around 8 am, 12 noon, and 4 pm. A few
intensive pond farmers use feed blowers imported from Taiwan. Feeding by tray is now being
discouraged due to feed losses resulting from nutrient leaching and feed disintegration caused
by the low stability of fish feeds (normally under 1 5 minutes).

Reported feed conversions obtained with commercial pellets in extensive culture are generally
below 1, and range from 1.2-1.6 and 1.5-2.0 within semi-intensive and intensive culture,
respectively.
 Shrimp
Feeding Practices Extensive black tiger shrimp culture commonly uses protein-rich fresh feeds such as trash fish,
bivalves, and snails, during the last one or two months of the growout operation, with feeding
employed once or twice per day. In Panay island and in Negros Occidental, a 7-10 mm bivalve
locally known as “agihis” is a much sought-after supplemental feed for shrimp; given whole
(the shrimps are able to break open its shell), the mollusc survives in the pond for a few days.
This allows the farmer to feed only once every few days without the threat of polluting the
pond water.

. Feed trays are popularly used as a key management tool for evaluating feed consumption
during the day’s feeding schedule which is normally five times starting at 7-8 am, and every
four hours thereafter. Food conversion ratios range from 1.2-2.2, depending upon the stocking
density and days of culture.
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 6
Feeding milk fish and telapia is
conducted twice or three times a day
at around 8 am, 12 noon, and 4 pm,
Yes or No?
Mystery Box Game
Item # 6
Answer:

Yes.
 Mystery Box Game
Item # 7
Farmers compute their daily rations
and are able to make the necessary
adjustments on the prevailing weather
and water quality condition in the
pond. Explain why this is true?
 Thank
you.
Please rise your hands
for questions,
suggestions and
feedback.