Unit 2

Machine To Machine Communication

1. Internet of Things(IoT)
2. Design of IoT
3. IoT protocols
4. Sensors and actuators used in IoT
5. Introduction to 5G Network
• Machine-to-machine, or M2M, is a broad label that can be used to describe any
technology that enables networked devices to exchange information and
perform actions without the manual assistance of humans.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) facilitate the
communication between systems, allowing them to make their own autonomous
choices.
• M2M technology was first adopted in manufacturing and industrial settings,
where other technologies.
• M2M has since found applications in other sectors, such as healthcare,
business and insurance. M2M is also the foundation for the internet of things (
IoT).
 Internet of
Things(IoT)
• The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such
objects) with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that
connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet
or other communications networks.
• Internet of Things refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, home
appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data. The IoT
enables these devices to interact with each other and with the environment,
and enables the creation of smart systems and services
Characteristics of the Internet of Things :
The Internet of Things (IoT) is characterized by the following key features :
1. Connectivity –
o Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT should
be connected to the IoT infrastructure.
o Anyone, anywhere, anytime can connect, this should be guaranteed at all times. For
example, connection between people through internet devices like mobile phones ,and
other gadgets, also connection between Internet devices such as routers, gateways,
sensors, etc.
•Intelligence and Identity –

The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For example, a sensor
generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is interpreted properly. Each IoT device has
a unique identity. This identification is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times for
querying its status.

•Scalability –

The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day. Hence, an IoT setup
should be capable of handling the massive expansion. The data generated as an outcome is
enormous, and it should be handled appropriately.

•Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity) –

•
IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing contexts and scenarios.
Assume a camera meant for the surveillance. It should be adaptable to work in different
conditions and different light situations (morning, afternoon, night).
•Architecture –

IoT architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting different

manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not owned by anyone engineering
branch. IoT is a reality when multiple domains come together.

•Safety –

There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting compromised when all
his/her devices are connected to the internet. This can cause a loss to the user. Hence, data
security is the major challenge. Besides, the equipment involved is huge. IoT networks may also
be at the risk. Therefore, equipment safety is also critical.

•Self Configuring –
This is one of the most important characteristics of IoT. IoT devices are able to upgrade their
software in accordance with requirements with a minimum of user participation. Additionally,
they can set up the network, allowing for the addition of new devices to an already-existing
network.
Features of IoT
 Applications of IoT
1. Smart Home and Office
1. Smart Door access control system
• Smart locks and door access systems are one of the most popular and cost effective
solutions of Internet of Things. Smart locks are easy to implement and control using a
web interface or Smartphone application.
• Example: a person wants to enter your house while you are not around, you will be
able to open the door for that person using Smartphone application.

2. Smart lighting for home and office

• Smart lighting is one the attractive smart home application using internet of things.
In addition to energy saving, it also enables us to manage effectively.
• Light ambience can be changed using smart hub devices or smart phone app.
3. Automated Gate and garage

• Using smart sensor technology and internet of things, gates and garages can be
controlled (operated) conveniently.
• Once you are about to enter the house or after leaving the premises, you may open
or close the gate using mobile devices.

4. Smart thermostats and humidity controllers

Smart thermostats are cost effective and convenient smart home solutions which can
be controlled using an internet connection and smart hub device (or using Smartphone
app).
5. Traffic Management
Analyzing traffic over a period of time gives an insight of possible trends and pattern that
could occur during peak hours. It will help to inform commuters to take alternative routes to
avoid congestion and delay.

6. Smart lighting on streets

Smart lighting is an effective solution to save energy in the cities. Smart sensors can detect
presents of people or vehicles in the proximity and increase light intensity when someone
pass by.

7. Pollution monitoring and reporting

Increasing air pollution is one of the challenges we are facing in every growing cities. In order
to solve this issue, smart sensors are deployed across the cities to continuously monitor any
changes.
2. Wearable Devices
3. Healthcare
4. Autonomous Driving
5. Agriculture and Smart farming
6. Industrial IoT for manufacturing
7. Disaster management
8. Logistic and fleet management
Physical Design of IoT
Design of IoT
A physical design of an IoT system refers to the individual node devices and their protocols
that are utilized to create a functional IoT ecosystem.
Each node device can perform tasks such as remote sensing, actuating, monitoring, etc., by
relying on physically connected devices. It may also be capable of transmitting information
through different types of wireless or wired connections.
The things/devices in the IoT system are used for:
•Building connections
•Data processing
•Providing storage
•Providing interfaces
•Providing graphical interfaces
The devices generate data, and the data is used to perform analysis and do operations for
improving the system. For instance, a moisture sensor is used to obtain the moisture data from
a location, and the system analyses it to give an output.
Logical Design of IoT
A logical design for an IoT system is the actual design of how its components
(computers, sensors, and actuators) should be arranged to complete a particular
function. It doesn’t go into the depth of describing how each component will be
built with low-level programming specifics .

IoT functional blocks:

 Difference Between Physical and Logical Design of IoT

Physical Design Logical Design

Logical design is a high-level design and doesn’t

Physical design is highly detailed. provide any detail.

Physical design is more graphical than textual; however,

Logical design can be textual, graphic, or both.
it can comprise both.

A logical design focuses on satisfying the design

A physical design focuses on specific solutions factors, including risks, requirements, constraints, and
explaining how they are assembled or configured. assumptions.
IoT Protocols

• The set of rules governing all direct or indirect exchange of data between
computers on a network. These rules are formulated at the application level and
are used collectively to define how devices communicate interoperable,
irrespective of differences in their internal designs and operations.
• IoT protocols help send commands and data between a network of devices
controlled by sensors or other physical attributes like motion, temperature, or
vibration. Network protocols help achieve reliable data transfer across all layers
like the application, transport, network, and link layer.
Application Layer Protocols

On this layer, protocols use an application interface to define how the data can be
sent over the network. These protocols include HTTP, XMPP, WebSocket, DDS,
MQTT, and AMQP.

Transport Layer Protocols

• This layer is responsible for data flow control and error handling, ensuring that
there are rules in place to deal with errors.
• This layer also provides end-to-end message transfer capability, independent of
the underlying network infrastructure.
• It provides essential connectivity between the two nodes on either end of the
point-to-send-point-receive model used by key protocols such as TCP/IP.
Network Layer
This layer is used to send data from a source network to a destination network.
For this, IPv4 and IPv6 protocols are used for host identification, which
transfers data in packets.

Link Layer
Link-layer protocols are the type of data transmission protocol used to help
send data over the physical layer. They also determine how devices signal and
code packets on the network.
 Sensors and actuators used in IoT

• There are many different types of sensors in an IoT system. Flow

sensors, temperature sensors, voltage sensors, humidity
sensors, and the list goes on. In addition, there are multiple ways
to measure the same thing.
• For instance, a small propeller like the one you see on a weather
station can measure airflow.
 Introduction to 5G Network

With 5G, data-transfer speeds will increase significantly.

According to reports, 5G will be 10 times faster than current LTE
networks. This increase in speed will allow IoT devices to
communicate and share data faster than ever.
5-G Characteristics and application areas

•Automotive and transportation

•Smart factories
•Smart buildings
•Smart cities
•Smart utilities
•Security and surveillance
•Agriculture
•Retail
•Health care
 NGN Architecture

Next Generation Network (NGN) refers to a packet-based network and it can be used
for both telecommunication services as well as data and it supports mobility. It is able to
make use of multiple broadband capabilities, especially Quality of Services (QoS)
enabled transport technologies where the service-related functions are independent of the
underlying transport-related technologies.
Functional Block Diagram of NGN
 NGN Network Components

1. Media gateway
2. Media Gateway Controller
3. Application Server
 Media gateway
A media gateway is a device used in the core network of a telecom network operator to
provide transformation and interworking between media streams that use different
network standards, communication protocols, codecs and physical connections, so that
phone calls work properly between networks using different technologies.

What are the examples of media gateway?

Examples of residential gateways include cable modem/cable set-top boxes, xDSL

devices and broadband wireless devices. Access media gateways that provide a
traditional analog or digital PBX interface to a VoIP network. Examples include small-
scale (enterprise) VoIP gateways.
Evolution of Mobile Networks
1G – First generation mobile communication system
The first generation of mobile network was deployed in Japan by Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph company (NTT) in Tokyo during 1979. In the beginning of 1980s, it gained
popularity in the US, Finland, UK and Europe. This system used analogue signals and it
had many disadvantages due to technology limitations.

Disadvantages of 1G system
•Poor voice quality due to interference
•Poor battery life
•Large sized mobile phones (not convenient to carry)
•Less security (calls could be decoded using an FM demodulator)
•Limited number of users and cell coverage
•Roaming was not possible between similar systems
2G – Second generation communication system GSM
Second generation of mobile communication system introduced a new digital technology
for wireless transmission also known as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM).
GSM technology became the base standard for further development in wireless standards
later.
Key features of 2G system
Disadvantages of 2G system
• Digital system (switching)
• Low data rate
• SMS services is possible
• Limited mobility
• Roaming is possible
• Less features on mobile devices
• Enhanced security
• Limited number of users and
• Encrypted voice transmission
• hardware capability
• First internet at lower data rate
3G – Third generation communication system
• Third generation mobile communication started with the introduction of UMTS –
Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems.
• After the introduction of 3G mobile communication system, smart phones became
popular across the globe.
• Specific applications were developed for smartphones which handles multimedia
chat, email, video calling, games, social media and healthcare.
Key features of 3G system
• Higher data rate
• Video calling
• Enhanced security, more number of users and coverage
• Mobile app support
• Multimedia message support
• Location tracking and maps
• Better web browsing
• TV streaming
• High quality 3D games
4G – Fourth generation communication system
• 4G systems are enhanced version of 3G networks developed by IEEE, offers higher
data rate and capable to handle more advanced multimedia services.
• LTE and LTE advanced wireless technology used in 4th generation systems.
Furthermore, it has compatibility with previous version thus easier deployment and
upgrade of LTE and LTE advanced networks are possible.
Key features of 4G system
• Much higher data rate up to 1Gbps
• Enhanced security and mobility
• Reduced latency for mission critical applications
• High definition video streaming and gaming
• Voice over LTE network VoLTE (use IP packets for voice)
Disadvantages of 4G system
• Expensive hardware and infrastructure
• Costly spectrum (most countries, frequency bands are too expensive)
• High end mobile devices compatible with 4G technology required, which
is costly
• Wide deployment and upgrade is time consuming
5G – Fifth generation communication system
• 5G network is using advanced technologies to deliver ultra fast internet and
multimedia experience for customers.
• Existing LTE advanced networks will transform into supercharged 5G networks in
future.
Key features of 5G technology
Ultra fast mobile internet up to 10Gbps
Low latency in milliseconds (significant for mission critical applications)
Higher security and reliable network
Uses technologies like small cells, beam forming to improve efficiency
 Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

• Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is an IP packet routing technique

that routes IP packet through paths via labels instead of looking at
complex routing tables of routers. This feature helps in increasing the
delivery rate of IP packets.
How does MPLS Work?
 In MPLS, when a data packet enters the network, it is assigned a data label by
the first router in the path.
 The label predetermines the path the packet needs to follow. It includes a
value, as well as additional fields to determine the quality of service required,
the position of the label in the stack and time-to-live.
 Based on this label, the packet is routed to the next router in its path.
 Terms Description

Router at edge of MPLS network that add or

Provider Edge(PE) Router remove label from IP packet.

Customer Edge(CE) Router Router at edge of customer network that send or

receive IP packet from PE.

Label Switch Router(LSR) Routers used in MPLS network that can understand
labels.

Push, Pop and Swap Action of addition, removal and swapping of labels
by LSR respectively.
MPLS Advantages & Benefits:
1.Reliability
Routing based on labels over a private network ensures that packets will be reliably
delivered to their destination. In addition, MPLS enables prioritizing traffic for different
types of packets, for example routing real-time, video packets through a lower latency path.

2.High Performance
MPLS dedicated infrastructure assures high-quality, low latency and low jitter
performance. This ensures efficiency and a good user experience. It is also essential for
real-time communication, like voice, video and mission-critical information.
Multiprotocol Label Switching, or MPLS, is a networking technology that
routes traffic using the shortest path based on “labels,” rather than network
addresses, to handle forwarding over private wide area networks.
1. https://www.interviewbit.com/blog/features-of-iot/
2. https://www.airtel.in/blog/business/physical-and-logical-design-of-iot/