Gastrointestinal

Drugs
By
Prof. Dr Hossny El Banna

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

Ruminal Tympany in Ruminants
(Bloat)
• Definition:
• Overdistention of the ruminoreticulum with
the gases of fermentation, either
in the form of a persistent foam mixed with
the ruminal contents, called primary,
pasture, or frothy bloat, or in the form of
free gas separated from the ingesta,
called secondary, dry or free-gas bloat.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

Ruminal Tympany in Ruminants
(Bloat)
• Definition:
• Pasture (frothy) bloat can occur in animals
grazing wheat pasture or legumes (alfalfa,
ladino, white clover) or being fed green-
chopped legumes.

• Feedlot (dry) bloat usually refers to bloat

in cattle fed high-grain rations that
• may or may not contain legume forage.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

Ruminal Tympany in Ruminants
(Bloat)
• Causes:
1) Entrapment of the normal gases of
fermentation in a stable foam.

2) Coalescence of the small gas bubbles is

inhibited, and intraruminal pressure
• increases because eructation cannot
occur.
3) Secondary to acidosis indigestion.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

Ruminal Tympany in Ruminants
(Bloat)
• Causes:
4) Soluble leaf proteins, saponins, and
hemicelluloses are believed to be the
primary foaming agents and bubbles that
has its greatest stability at about pH 6.

5) secondary or free-gas bloat caused by

physical obstruction of eructation. which is
caused by esophageal obstruction due to
a foreign body (eg, potatoes,
apples, turnips, kiwifruit),

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

Ruminal Tympany in Ruminants
(Bloat)
• Signs:

1- Distension of the left side of the animal as the

primary sign,

2-Discomfort as indicated by stomping of feet or

kicking at the belly,

3- Labored breathing,

4- Frequent urination and defecation, and 5)

Sudden collapse.
Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021
Treatment of tympani and frothy bloat
• T Or B Caused by ruminal stasis.
Carbachol” SC for TTTof ruminal stasis.
• In case of tympani, Free gas TTT
By:
1-Passage of a stomach tube.
2-The use of a trocar and cannula.
3-Using of carminatives and antizymotics

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2018

.
Treatment of tympani and frothy bloat
•
Anti-frothing agents that cause a reduction in foam
stability.
1-. • Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, or detergents a
surfactant, is commonly incorporated into one of the
oils and is effective if administered early.
• Poloxalene (25–50 g, PO) is effective in treating legume
bloat but not feedlot bloat.
• Polymerized methyl silicone: it is viscous liquid,
nonvolatile, inert, tasteless and nontoxic. it is used in
concentration of 2-5 % (100ml of 2% and 50ml 5%)
given by stomach tube as a drench diluted with water.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

.
 Carminatives
• Definition: These are agents that used to aid expulsion of
excess gases from the stomach, rumen and intestine by
relaxing the sphincters.
Uses:
1-Flatulent colic.
2-Tympany due to free gases.
• The normal process of fermentation of cellulose in the
rumen results in production of gas, which is periodically
removed by eructation.
Tympani occurs when the eructation is inhibited, or the gas is
unable to escape as in ruminal stasis.
Example of carminatives is the volatile oils as Anise oil and
turpentine oil..

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

.
 Antizymotics
Definition: These are drugs which decrease
excessive bacterial fermentation so
decrease gas production
Given by stomach tube, as a drench or injected directly

Examples
1- volatile oil as Turpentine oil (15-30 ml in 300-600ml
linseed oil for cattle and 4-8 ml Turpentine in 60-250ml
linseed for sheep)
2- Formalin (4ml in 300 ml water for cattle and 0.6-1 ml
formalin in 100 water for sheep)

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

.
 Rumen Acidosis or Impaction
It is metabolic disease occurs when the pH of the
rumen falls to less than 5.5 (normal is 6.5 to 7.0).
In many cases the pH can fall even lower.
• Effects:
1) the rumen stops moving, becoming atonic. This
depresses appetite and production.
2) The change in acidity changes the rumen flora, with
acidproducing bacteria taking over.
3) They produce more acid, making the acidosis worse.
4) The increased acid is then absorbed through the
rumen wall, causing metabolic acidosis, which in
severe cases can lead to shock and death.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

 Rumen Acidosis or Impaction
Cause:
1) feeding a high level of rapidly digestible fermentable
carbohydrate, such as barley and other cereals.
2) • Acute acidosis, often resulting in death, is most
commonly seen in ‘barley beef’ animals where cattle
have obtained access to excess feed.
3) • In dairy cattle, a milder form, sub-acute ruminal
acidosis (SARA), is seen as a result of feeding
increased concentrates compared to forage..

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

 Rumen Acidosis or Impaction
Symptoms:
1) Acute acidosis often results in death. Cattle may
become depressed, go off feed, have an elevated
heart rate or diarrhea.

1) 2) Sub-acute: Reduced feed intake, Poor body

condition and weight loss, diarrhoea, Temperature,
Pulse rate and respiratory rate may rise and
Lethargy..

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

 Rumen Acidosis or Impaction
Treatment:
: • Treatment of ruminal acidosis depends on the
severity.
• Cows with mild cases should be removed from the
offending feed source, fed a source of good quality
fiber.
• Severely affected animals may require intravenous
fluid therapy and emergency surgery to empty the
rumen contents.
• Antibiotics such as procaine penicillin G should be
administered IM to all affected animals for at least 5
days to minimize the development of bacterial
rumenitis and liver abscesses
Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021
 Rumen Acidosis or Impaction
Treatment:
: • Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) should also be given to
prevent polioencephalomalacia (PEM) and facilitate
metabolism of lactate via pyruvate and oxidative
phosphorylation (Increased production of hiaminase
by ruminal bacteria..
0.5 – 1 gm I.V injection →cattle Repeated 3 times daily
+ brewer’s yeast 0.25 kg orally For sheep and 0.5
kg orally for cattle. B1→ increase the tolerance of
body to lactic academia → convert lactate to
acetate.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

 Rumen Acidosis or Impaction
Treatment:
: • Antiacid a- (Systemic): Baking soda (Sodium
bicarbonate) 500 gm with 20 g of MagOx
Local antiacid: Aluminum hydroxide, magnesium
oxide (0.5 – 1 gm/ kg bwt orally) magnesium
hydroxide (1.2 gm / kg bwt orally) or calcium
bicarbonate
Adsorbent : 40 g of charcoal and water is good for
almost any size animal.
Antihistaminic : Diphenhydramaine 0.5-1.1 mg/kg
body weight, ( 2.5-5.5 ml per 100 kg) SC

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

 Rumen Acidosis or Impaction
Treatment:
: • Fluid therapy to correct the metabolic acidosis and
dehydration and to restore renal function. Initially,
over a period of ∼30 min, 5% sodium bicarbonate
solution should be given IV (5 L/450 kg). During the
next 6–12 hr, a balanced electrolyte solution, or a
1.3% solution of sodium bicarbonate in saline, may
be given IV, up to as much as 60 L/450 kg body wt.
Removal of rumen contents and replacement with
ingesta taken from healthy animals is necessary.
• Rumen lavage may be accomplished with a large
stomach tube.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

Pharmacological bases for treatment of
diarrhea

• Diarrhea results in loss of water and

electrolytes from the body and deaths due
diarrhea result from dehydration.
• 1-Fluid therapy:
• Intravenous fluid therapy using saline solutions is
an obligatory aids in severely affected, coma-
tized animals.
• Oral fluid therapy is both effective and practical.
• Fluid therapy should contains glucose, glycine,
sodium, potassium and citrate or acetate.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

 2-Antimicrobial therapy:

The choice of antimicrobials depend on

basis of spectrum of activity and

characteristics of absorption

Examples: streptomycin, neomycin,

apramycin, amoxycillin and oxytetracycline.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

.
 3-Adsorbants:
 Kaolin : used as a symptomatic treatment for diarrhea.
 - It is intended to adsorb and so remove toxins from contact
with the intestinal mucosa In older animals
 -The most important toxins in diarrhea of young animals (the
E. coli enterotoxins) do not adsorbed by kaolin, so that its
use in neonatal diarrhea is ineffective but.
 -Bismuth salts : Bismuth carbonate and salicylate are used in
the treatment of diarrhea in young animals.

4- Spasmolytics: Examples: atropine and hyoscine

.
Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021
.
 Intestinal astringents
Definition: drugs reduce excess intestinal mucous
secretion in case of mucoid diarrhea.
MOA: precipitate protein of the intestinal mucosa to
form a protective barrier for the underlying tissue.
So they act as a barrier between tissue and irritant
substances.
Intestinal astringents are grouped according to their
source into :
1-Vegetable astringents:
Examples: Tannic acid and plants containing tannic
acid as catechu, krameria and kino.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

.
 Intestinal astringents
• Action of tannic acid is rapid in onset as
its converted into Gallic acid rapidly.
• Plants contain tannic acid are preferred as
their tannic acid is released slowly and
its action is prolonged.
• -Catechu is used in combination of
calcium carbonate for diarrhea in calves
and sheep.
• - They are used in the form of powder or
tincture.
Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021
 Adsorbents
Definition: drugs which can adhere other
substance to their surface without chemical
reaction.

MOA: They adsorb poison and toxic

materials as well as small amount of gases.
 They form a coat over the enteric mucosa
and protect it from irritants.

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

.
 Adsorbents
 Adsorbents are non absorbable fine powder
includes charcoal, calcium carbonate,
bismuth carbonate, aluminum silicate
(Kaolin), aluminum trisilicate and pectin.

Uses : Adsorbents are used in case of

poisoning and flatulent colic

Prof. Dr. Hossny El Banna 2021

.