Let’s

PRAY
Formulate
Questions

NOTE: Please take

notes the important
info.
What are the
types of
Fallacies?
 METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING
(Kinds of
Philosophy)
A.Phenomenology
 Phenomenology, which was founded by Edmund
Husserl, is the study of structures of consciousness as
experienced from the first-person point of view. The central
structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being
directed toward something, as it is an experience of or
about some object. An experience is directed toward an
object by virtue of its content or meaning (which represents
the object) together with appropriate enabling conditions
(Smith, 2018).
 Phenomenology concludes that
people cannot fully and directly
experience the physical world but
we can only see and analyze the
consciousness of our minds that
perceive the physical world
(Solomon & Higgins, 2010).
A.Existentialism
One’s search for truth might be based on
one’s attitude or outlook. Take, for instance,
existentialism. Unlike phenomenology,
existentialism is not primarily a philosophical
method. Neither is it exactly a set of doctrines
but more of an outlook or attitude supported by
diverse doctrines centered on certain common
themes (Ramos, 2019).
 The following are some examples of philosophers who talked about existentialism
to some extent according to Ramos (2019):
o Soren Kierkegaard- considered as the first philosopher, insisted that the authentic
self was the personally chosen self, as opposed to public or “herd identity”
o Friedrich Nietzsche- took his view of opposition of the genuine individual versus the
identity of “herd identity”
o Jean-Paul Sartre- a French philosopher who emphasized the importance of free
individual choice regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our
desires, beliefs and decisions.
o Socrates- “the good of his soul” he sought not mere opinions but knowledge, self-
knowledge in particular, and prescribed not just right action but virtue, being “true to
oneself”.
o St. Augustine- was concerned with the spiritual nature of the “true” self as opposed
to the inauthentic demands of desire and the body.
o Jean-Jacques- essential goodness of the “natural” self in contrast to the “corruption”
imposed by society.
C. Postmodernism
 Postmodernism is not a philosophy. It is at best
a holding pattern, perhaps a cry of despair.
Postmodernism is more of an attitude and a
reaction to modernism which is a worldview of
order, logic, and authority based on knowledge. It
rightly talks about world philosophy, the philosophy
of many cultures, but such talk is not a philosophy
either (Shields, 2012).
Analytic Tradition
 For the philosopher of this tradition, language cannot
objectively describe truth. For Ludwig Wittgenstein, an analytic
philosopher, language is socially conditioned which means the
meaning of words is created by what people have agreed upon.
There is no objective meaning. We understand the world solely
in terms of our language games, that is, our linguistic, social
contracts. Truth, as we percieve it, is itself socially constructed.
Truth can change depending on what people have decided it to
be.
 Alfred Tarski avoided ambiguities to
accomplish the definition of truth. Tarski was
interested in the logical relationship wherein
the truth of a sentence is emphasized (Wilson,
2004). Tarski defended with respect to
semantic conception of truth, that far from
being abstract, truth is tangible. Truth shows
properties and is based on physical facts
(Tarski, 1965).
SALAMAT
PO!