The Structure of

a Specific
Academic Texts
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 What is
Academic
writing?
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 Academic writing makes a claim or
an argument and uses a
combination of evidence and clear
explanations of logical reasoning to
support that claim in order to
persuade the reader.
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 Good academic writing is concise and
uses simple language; rather than using
flowery language and overly complex
sentence structures, which can distract an
argument.
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 How to write texts
academically?
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 Academic writing is a process that starts with
posing a question, problematizing a concept,
evaluating an opinion, and ends in answering the
question or questions posed, clarifying the
problem, and/or arguing for a stand.
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 Academic text means a text that is
specifically written for use by:
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 A good academic writer is able to
see both sides of the argument, or
claim, and counter it with supporting
evidence.
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 What are the
differences between
academic text and
non- academic text?
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 Academic Text Non Academic Text

Stricter Format Formal but not strict

Yields toward the academe Yields toward the personal means

It has a purpose of creating new body

It has a goal which is to communicate
of knowledge
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 Determining the
Author’s Purpose
and Intended
Audience
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 Who will be the

Intended Audience?
The person or group of people who the author
expects will read their work.
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 Who is the intended
audience?

• People who are creative or

enjoy doing crafts.

• It also says “Ask an adult to

boil the mixture for you”
which helps me see it is
written forCHILDREN.
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 Who is the intended
audience?

a. Cats

b. People who own Cats

c. 4rth grade students

d. Teachers
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 What is...
Author’s Purpose?
An author’s reason for writing their piece of work.
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 What is Author’s Purpose?
Authors write informational texts to:
● Answer a question
● Explain how something works
● Describe a person, place, or thing

What does the author

Think…… want me to know or
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learn?
 Author’s Purpose
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 Author’s
Purpose
Persuade
Inform
Entertain
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 To PERSUADE

 The author is trying to get you to do or try

something.
 To convince the reader of a certain point of view

Examples:
Commercials, Billboards, Advertisements, Opinions, Reviews
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 To INFORM

 To give information about a topic.

Examples:
Documentaries, Nonfiction, History, Science, News Articles,
Recipes, Biographies
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 To ENTERTAIN

 The author is trying to make you enjoy the story by

keeping the readers’ attention.

Examples:
Fiction, Fantasy, Mystery, Comics/Jokes, Adventure, Romance
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 Author’s Purpose Type of Writing

A textbook about Mathematics

To Inform
A script for a comedy television show
To Entertain

A script for a political candidate’s television commercial

To Persuade
Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet
To Entertain
A poster promoting a new movie
To Persuade
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A recipe for making Korean Chicken Wings

To Inform
 Parts of an Academic Text
● Title Page - provides information regarding the title, author, and
type of work.
● Abstract or Summary - provides a brief account of the main
content of an academic paper.
● Table of Contents - gives an opportunity to gain an idea of what
the academic paper is about at an early stage.
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 Parts of an Academic Text
● Introduction - it is a soft-start and orientation to engage and
acquaint with the academic text.
● Background - gives the necessary background information to
understand the context of the academic text.
● Aim and Issue - provides the terms of reference for academic
paper.
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 Parts of an Academic Text
● Theoretical Framework - defines the key concepts, proposes
relations between them, discusses relevant theories and models
based on a literature review.
● Method -provides the methodological details of the paper.
● Results, Analysis, and discussion - involves the result of the study, its
analysis and discussion.
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 Parts of an Academic Text
● Closure - the end section of the academic paper. A summary or a
concrete conclusion about the issue and questions can be used to end
the academic paper.
● List of References - acknowledges the contribution of other
writers and researchers in your work.
● Appendices - contain supplementary materials that may be
helpful in providing a more comprehensive understanding of
the academic paper.
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 Text Structure
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 Text structure refers to how the information within a
written text is organized. This strategy helps you understand
that a text might present a main idea and details; a cause and
then its effects; and/or different views of a topic. It helps
you in identifying and analyzing text structures to
navigate the various structures presented within nonfiction
and fiction texts.
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 Common types of Text Structures
Structure Description Signal Words Examples
This type of text structure characteristics are, to
Descriptive features a detailed illustrate, also, one
Information sheets
about products for sale.
description of something example, in addition
to give the reader a
mental picture.

This structure presents

Cause and the causal relationship
as a result of, because
of, thus, for theses
Warning labels naming
possible side effects of
Effect between a specific event,
idea, or concept and the
reasons using a product
events, ideas, or concept
that follow.
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 Common types of Text Structures
Structure Description Signal Words Examples
Comparison This type of text
examines the
like, in contrast, News articles about
similar to, while, as the position of two
and Contrast similarities and opposed to, whereas political parties on
differences between certain issues.
two or more people,
events, concepts,
ideas, etc.
This text structure
Order and gives readers a
first, second, last,
next, then, before,
Directions in a
manual for using an
Sequence chronological of
events or a list of
another appliance.
steps in a procedure.
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 Common types of Text Structures
Structure Description Signal Words Examples
Problem and This type of structure the problem is, the
sets up a problem or
A political speech
solution is, the proposing a solution
Solution problems, explains the difficulty is for a social
solution, and then problem.
discusses the effects
of the solution.
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