SAGE UNIVERSITY INDORE

SUBJECT - CLIMATOLOGY
TOPIC –STACK VENTILATION

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
AR. NIKITA SACHDEV VARSHITA SINGH III SEM
WHAT IS VENTILATION -

The process of removing or supplying air by natural ormechanical means to

and from a space .
NECESSITY-
• To create air movement, so as to remove the vitiated air or its replacement
by the fresh air.
• To prevent an undue concentration of body odour ,fumes,dust and other
industrial products.
• To remove products of combustion and in some case ,to remove body heat
and heat liberated by the operation of electrical and mechanical equipment.
• To create healthy living conditions by preventing the undue accumulation of
co2 and moisture and depletion of the oxygen content of the air .
• To prevent flammable concentrations of gas vapour or dust in case of
industrial buildings.
TYPE OF VENTILATION

• There are two types of ventilation-

1. Natural ventilation
2. Mechanical ventilation

3. Natural ventilation-
 facilitate outside air to inside of building through
windows ,doors,ventilation or other openings.
Openings should not be less than 1/20th of floor area.
The rate of ventilation by natural means depends on .
- wind effect
- Stack effect
TYPES OF VENTILATION

• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF VENTILATION :

1.Natural ventilation
2.Mechanical ventilation

NATURAL VENTILATION-
Facilitate outside air to inside of building through windows,doors
ventilation or other openings .openings should not be less than 1/20th
of floor area .
The rate of ventilation by natural means depends on
Wind effect
Stack effect
 NATURAL VENTILATION

• By means of purpose –provided aperture (such as openable

windows ,ventilation and shafts)and the natural forces of
wind and temperature –difference pressure.
STACK VENTILATION
• Stack ventilation is where air
driven through the building
by vertical pressure
differences.
• The warm air inside the
building is less dence than
cooler air outside ,and thus
will try to escape from
openings high up in the
building envelope ,cooler
denser air will enter openings
lower down.
• The process will continue of
the air entering the building is
continuously heated ,typically
by casual of solar gains.
• Stack ventilation air movement is created by cool air being
drawn into the space low down to replace warmer air that is
naturally rise as its is warmed and then exhausted at the top.

• Cross ventilation depends on two continuously changing factors

wind availability and wind direction.
• Stack ventilation work best in spaces with high ceilings and
where cross ventilation is not feasible.

WHEN TO USE STACK VENTILATION ?

Stack ventilation ,can operate when no wind pressure is
available .a building can be designed to induce its own
ventilation by duplicating the temperature stratifications that
are the source of wind itself .the stack effect can only take place
when the average temperature in the stack is greater than the
outside air.
 WHAT TO REMEMBER WHEN
USING STACK VENTILATION ?
• For an effective stack effect ,openings and
ducts must be large ,to minimize
resistance.
• The pressure difference within the stack
varies with height resulting in diminishing
air flows from spaces opening on the
stack ,as their height above ground floor
increases.
• In tall spaces the temperature of the air
may be hotter in the upper zone .for a
given average temperature ,this means
that there is a cooler zone at the bottom ,
which is good news if this is the only
occupied space .however it means that
rooms facing the upper zone may
experience unwanted heat gains ,as well as
reduce stack effect due their smaller stack
height.
STACK EFFECT
• Mostly applicable in tall buildings.
• Warm air is less dence than cold air,
as a result ,warm air rises and
escapes and cooler air enters the
building through openings lower
down.
• Effectiveness depends on-
 Height
 Difference in temperature
 Area/size of the openings.
• Energy efficient no energy is
needed for stck effect to take place.
 • Stack effect caused by the density difference between
inside air outside air due to temperature difference.

How air flows in building

Warm air
Cold air
STRATEGIES
1)NATURAL STACK VENTILATION STRATEGIES-
Apart from the earlier mentioned strategies , there are several stack
ventilation techniques inherited from vernacular architecture
worldwide which are still in use today .
Among the most common techniques are the static type openings on
top or upper part of the building like ridge ,static and dormer
vent ,chimney flue ,jack roof and roof monitor to ventilate the trapped
hot air underneath the roof ,thus reduce the internal heat gain.
• STACK VENTILATION STRATEGIES could be enhanced by
the use of atrium , stack devices and ventilation shafts an
atrium is a space with glazed roofs which is usually
incorporated in the middle of a deep plan building for both
daylighting and ventilation purpose.
• This architectural feature could enhance the STACK
VENTILATION performance by increasing high differential
pressure through the use of the glazing element could
absorb solar gain the increase the air temperature near
the outlet area.
• In the COLD CLIMATE to united kingdom air enters the
building through the large louvered windows and flows
up through the flooring blocks .
• STACK VENTILATION TOWERS- like a stack device is
another architectural feature which is usually
associated with stack ventilation strategy and effective
to drive ventilation in lower floors of the multy storey
building.
• VENTILATION SHAFT – is a space within the building framework
with the primary function to collect ,transport and distribute
ventilation air to another space or outdoor .for the stack
ventilation purpose ,this shaft element can be applied to collect
hot and stale air from the occupied spaces before extract it out
to the outdoors via more suitable elements like chimney or wind
tower.

• ADVANCE STACK VENTILATION STRATEGIES-

• SOLAR INDUCED VENTILATION
• WIND –STACK VENTILATION
• main building elements which are based on this concept of
ventilation are solar SOLAR CHIMNEY ,SOLAR ROOF AND DUBLE
FACDE WIND TOWERS.
CHIMNEY EFFECT-
• A solar chimney uses the sun’s heat to
provide cooling ,using the stack
effect .solar heat gain warms a column
of air ,which then rises ,pulling new
outside air through the building ,they
are also called thermal chimneys.
• The solar chimney relies upon the solar
radiation and heat absorption to induce
a bigger pressure difference between
the inlet and the outlet of the element
to increase the stack effect.
• The most effective application of this
natural law is a thermal chimney .a
solar exposed enclosure tall enough to
generate maximum air flow and
massive enough to retain heat and
power the system into the evening
hours.
• WIND TOWER ,WINDCATCHER AND TURBINE VENTILATOR are
very helpful to induce vertical air movement ,thus enhancing
the stck ventilation significantly.
ACTIVE STACK VENTILATION
STRATEGY-
• Whole house fan- which is low velocity fan that mounts in the ceiling is
used to promote air exchange from central high point to the attic and
then to outside with the help of air vent.
• Extractor fan – enhance stack ventilation in the apartment building by
placing the fan at the top of the stack ,and could significantly increase
the average air velocity within the residential unit by 47%.the strategy
succeeded to induce upward air movement .
THANK YOU