THE SCHOOLS OF

CRIMINOLOGY
• Early medieval Period predominated by Religious
mysticism and all human relations were regulated
through myths, superstitions and religious tenets
prevailing in particular society.
• Lack of attention for Motive, Environment and
Psychology of the offender in the causation of crime
• Punishment – Arbitrary and Irraritional.
• Prevailed – 7th century
• Due to the change in Human thinking Social
Reformers took up the Cause of Criminals and took
attention to analysis of Crime Causation .
 Cesare Bonesana
Marchese de Beccaria
(1738-94)

Beccaria was an Italian legal philosopher, political economist and politician

who was much influenced by the French philosophes. In Milan he
introduced a number of legal and monetary reforms but is best known
for his 1764 work On Crimes and Punishments in which he advocated an
end to torture and the death penalty
Each school try to explain the
causation of crime and Criminal
Behaviour

Suggests Punishment and

Preventive Measure
 1.Pre – Classical Schools

17th and 18th century in Europe was dominated by

the Scholatiscm of Saint Thomas Acquinas (1225-
1274)

Dominace of Religion
Concentrated on Social
Contract
The Classical School – 8th
 Pit falls
Solely based on free –will
No judge made law
Equal punishment for 1st tym offenders and
habitual offender
No individual difference

Rejected the Omnipotence

of Spirits
 Neo Classical School
Developments Drawbacks
 Individual Difference – Punishment for Unsound
Individual Treatment- person
Individual Punishment
 Judge – decide – Sex, Age,
Mental Conditions .
 Classified: Minor , Idiots,
Insane.(These are the
person incapable of
understanding the crime) Forward to
 Dif B/w 1st time offender mental condition
and Recidivist.
 Recommended Lenient
Treatment for irresponsible
Positive School- Italian Schools of Criminology

1.Cesare Lombroso(1836-1909)

2. Enrico Ferri (1856-1928)

3. Gabriel Trade(1843-94)
 19 th century

Neither free will nor

External Sprits
“Anthropological
Structure”
Co relationship b/w
Criminality and the
Structure and
Functioning of the
brain
 1. Atavisists or hereditary criminals

Born Criminals
Beyond Reformation
Mentally and physically Inferior
Ressembled Apes and possessed ape- Like
Characterstics
Physical Charatersitcs
16 Anthropological Features
Revised Atavistmin 1906 1/3 rd are born
Criminals
Finally – Futility – socio and economic conditions
 Ape-like
Charaterstics
 Lombroso was particularly interested in what could be learned from facial
features. In his view, the shape of the jaw, the slope of the forehead, the size of
the eyes, and the structure of the ear all contained important clues about a
man’s moral composition. None of this turned out to have a sound scientific
basis.
 16 Anthropological Features

• Peculiar size and Shape of the head

• Eye Color
• Enlarged jaw
• Cheek bones
• Fleshy lips
• Abnormal teeth's
• Flat chins
• Retreating forehead ,Dark skin
• Twisted Nose
• Finger, Thigh, Leg
Criticism
• Goring – English Criminologist- Psychology of
criminals
• Comparison B/w Criminals and Non criminals
• Nothing like ‘’Physical Criminal type’

• Katherine s. Willimas – Basket Ball Players

 Inasne Criminals
Criminoids

Physical Criminal Type- Overcome

Mental Depravity and mental the inferiority – meet the needs
Disorder of the survival
 2.Enrico Ferri
• Challanged Lombrosso View
• Not only Biological Factors even other factors
• Law of Criminal Saturations –Main Factors:
Physical or Geographical
Anthropological and
Psychological or Social
Called as Founder of criminal Soiciology
 5 fold criminals

Born Occasional
Criminals Criminals

Passionate Insane
Criminals criminals

Habitual
Criminals
Indeterminate
Punishment
 Raffaele Garoffalo
 Naples
 Magistrate
 Circumstance and living conditions –
Environment
 Rejected Free will theory
 Gabriel Tarde (1843-94)
• Crtic – Postive School
• Influence of Socio Environment
• “Law of Insertion ””Law of Imitation”
• Child vs Parents
 3 Distinct laws of imitation
• The law of close contact or Association
• Inferior imitating with their superiors
• The law of insertion
 Crime, Like other social
Phenomenon starts as fashion
and becomes a custom
 Clinical School

• Prof Gillin- 1. Biological Inheritance

2.Enivironment of Child

Punishment- Life Imp, Transportation

 Sociological School
Other Factors of Crime Causation

 Culture
 Religion
 Economy
 Political Idelogies
 Increase Of Population
 Family Background
 Employment Situation
 Influence Of Media