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CH 8-Logistics
CH 8-Logistics
CHAPTER 8:
Logistics
logistics insourcing
production logistics offshoring
business logistics inshoring
supply chain inbound distribution
vertical integration
outbound distribution
horizontal integration
receiving process
point-of-sale terminal
Ex Works (EXW)
just-in-time (JIT) inventory
systems carrier
letter of credit bill of lading
supplier management freight consolidation
outsourcing containerization
nearsourcing
Logistics
The management of the flow of goods and services
both into and out of an organization, from the point
of origin to the point of consumption. It consists of
transportation, inventory management, warehousing
and storage, and packaging.
Production logistics
Logistic processes within a company, usually a
manufacturing business, that ensure that each
machine and workstation in a plant has the right
material in the right quantity and quality at the right
point in time.
Business logistics
A process that ensures a steady flow of needed
materials and information to all parts of a business
through a network of computer terminals,
transportation links, and storage facilities.
Chapter 8: Fundamentals of International Business Used under license from Shutterstock, Inc.
LOGISTICS Copyright © 2010 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.
Logistics Defined
Supply chain
The sum total of all activities involved in moving raw
materials, processed goods, and finished products
into an organization, and moving the semi-processed
or finished goods out of the organization toward the
end-consumer.
Vertical integration
A form of business organization in which a company
owns the whole supply chain, or significant portions
of it, from acquisition of raw materials to retailing.
Horizontal integration
A method of expanding a company by acquiring its
competitors.
Inventory management
For retailers, this requires a system that records sales
Usually a point-of-sale terminal, a system that tracks
retail sales by recording the code or stock number of
each stock-keeping unit (SKU)
In larger companies, this becomes more complex,
particularly if they design and manufacture the
products they sell
Storage
Four possible locations for the storage of
goods:
Place where the goods are made
Warehouse
Distribution centre
Place that receives the goods
Cash-flow management
Involves negotiating payment terms, setting up the
method of payment, and arranging exchange of funds
across the supply chain.
Letter of credit
A financial guarantee, issued by a buyer’s bank, that
they have sufficient collateral on deposit to pay for a
shipment. Letters of credit are often used for
international transactions.
Supplier management
Often referred to as sourcing or procurement, the
practice of finding reliable sources for the products
and services that a business needs.
Offshoring
The transfer of certain business functions by a
company to a branch of the company that is located
in another country, usually to save on labour costs.
Inshoring
A company’s contracting out of a
function to other businesses
within its own country, for
example to another state or
Information management
As the complexity and speed of business around the
world increases, information technology is necessary
for effective supply chain management.
Each member of the supply chain requires instant
access information, and all members need to be
networked to the same information source.
Inbound distribution
The process of receiving goods that are sent to a
company.
Receiving process
The established system that a receiving manager uses to
monitor and track goods arriving at a business. This
process normally includes: inspecting containers for
obvious physical damage, making sure that all of the
containers have arrived, assigning stock numbers
(SKUs) to new items, and recording the location of each
item (for example, warehouse, selling floor).
Outbound distribution
The process of arranging the shipment of goods from a
company to its customers. Normally, the seller is responsible
for for arranging the shipment of goods to the buyer.
Ex Works (EXW)
Term of sale that indicates that the buyer is responsible for
carrier selection, customs documents, and all charges.
Carrier
A company hired to transport goods.
Bill of lading
The official document that indicates that a
transportation company accepts goods for shipment.
It describes the items being shipped, lists their
quantity and weight, gives the value of the shipment,
and provides the name, billing address, and shipping
address of the buyer.
Rail
Trains are slower than truck transport and have a
more limited range
Ideal for long distances and much cheaper than
truck transport
Can carry materials from ports to inland cities
Ocean freight
Used by importers and exporters that deal with
businesses on other continents
Inexpensive but slow, and must be used with at least
one other carrier, as ships cannot go door to door
Air freight
Very fast, but very expensive
Weight restrictions limit size of air shipments
Containerization
The use of standard-sized reusable metal boxes,
designed to fit on top of each other, to store and ship
freight.
Intermodal shipping is the process of using more than
one mode of transportation to ship containers.