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 AB A N
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19TH CENTURY
I
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PHILIPPINES
TH
CENTURY PHILIPPINES

 The 19th century stands out as an extremely

dynamic and creative age especially in
Europe and the United States. During this
period, such as concepts as industrialism,
democracy, and nationalism gained
ascendancy and triggered evolutionary
changes in science, technology, economics,
and politics.
TH
CENTURY PHILIPPINES
 19th Century Philippines was largely medieval,
although signs of progress or change were noted
in certain sectors. Its social and economic
structure was based on the old feudalistic
patterns of abuse and exploitation of intellectual
decadence prevailed and government processes
had no respect for the needs of the people.
9TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES
 The late 18th century, political and economic changes in Europe
were finally beginning to affect Spain and, thus, the Philippines
and its other colonies.

 Important as a stimulus to trade was the gradual elimination of the

monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to Acapulco.

 The last galleon arrived in Manila in 1815, and by mid-1830s

Manila was open to foreign merchants almost without restriction.
The demand for Philippines sugar and abaca (hemp) grew, and
the volume of exports to Europe expanded even further after the
completion of the Suez Canal in 1869.
TH
CENTURY PHILIPPINES
Not until 1863 was there public education in the Philippines,
and even then the church controlled the curriculum. Less
than one-fifth of those who went to school could read and
write Spanish, and far fewer could speak it properly. The
limited higher education in the colony was entirely under
clerical direction, but by the 1880s many sons of the wealthy
families were sent to Europe to study.
9TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES
 In 1892, Rizal returned home and formed the Liga Filipina, a most
modern reform-minded society, loyal to Spain, that breathed no
word of independence. But Rizal was quickly arrested by the
overly fearful Spanish, exiled to a remote island in the south, and
finally executed in 1896.

 Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these activist quickly

formed the Katipunan under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio, a
self-educated warehouseman. The Katipunan was dedicated to
the expulsion of Spanish from the islands, and preparations were
made for armed revolt.
GALLEON
TRADE
 The Galleon trade was the longest running
shipping line of its time which existed for
roughly 150 years. It carried silver, gold,
spices, silk, and objects that were fashionable
between 1565-1815.

 As Nick Joaquin said… “ the first medium to

reduce the world to a village”. Items from all
over the globe docked in Manila Bay, and
were stored in the Almacenes Reales which
you will still find in Fort Santiago, Intramuros.
 On November 21, 1564, the San Pedro along with the San Pablo
and two smaller boats, the San Juan Left Mexico.

 Ferdinand Magellan and his cohorts had the same experience

when they arrived in 1521.

 According to Senor Guillermo Gomez Rivera, Philippine Honorary

President of Association Cultural Galeon de Manila, there is an
brawl with Filipinos in Taal Batangas. He and his grandfather,
refitted the boats and sent it off to China, the Chinese soon came
back with riches of the Orient which proved to be precious in the
European Market.
In his book, after the Galleons, Benito Legarda cited that during
galleon trade, ninety percent of goods arriving the Philippines were
Mexican silver headed for China. In those times, a piece of gold in
China was equivalent to six to eight pieces of silver.

The bulk of items leaving the Philippines were mostly silk, damask,
and porcelain of Chinese origin, and ten percent was sourced by
the Philippines such as gold, pearls and plans.

The Spanish government declared Manila as the center of commerce in the East.
The Spaniards closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. The
Galleon trade was a government monopoly. Only two galleons were used: One
sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods,
spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some
250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at sea.
PROFILE OF MANILA GALLEON
TRADE
MANILA GALLEON ( 1565 – 1815 )
- were large Spanish ships that sailed across the Pacific between
New Spain ( Mexico ) and the Philippines. They allowed Spain to
trade with East Asia without using Portuguese trades routes.

In 1494, after Columbus confirmed the existence of the Americas,

Pope Alexander VI issued “ Inter Caetera “ dividing the Americas
between Portugal and Spain, which they interpreted as applying to
the whole non-Christian world.

In 1521 Magellan discovered a westward route, catching the

Pacific currents that go west along the equator. In the Philippines on
the island of Cebu, Magellan commanded local chief trains to provide
him with food to convert to Christianity.
In 1565 Andres de Urdaneta discovered the eastward route by
sailing along the Kuroshio Current near Japan north of the 38 th
parallel and then catching the westerlies to bring him east across the
Pacific.

These discoveries led to the Manila Galleon Trade. The Spanish

traded with
Japan, Taiwan, Fuijan province of Ming Dynasty China, Macau,
East Timor
and the Spice Islands ( eastern Indonesia ).

Most Manila galleon were built in the Philippines and manned by

Filipino
crews. Chinese merchants would also board these ships, sometimes
bringing
goods from Mexico back to China.

‘-;
The Manila galleons tried to avoid landing near the foggy, rugged
northern California coast, preferring to stop in Point Conception (near
Santa Barbara ). However, a more permanent way station was
established in Monterey Bay in the mid-18th century.

The first post-Columbian record of Asians in North America was

brought by the Manila galleons:
 In 1587, Filipinos landed in California at Morro Bay near San Luis
Obispo, 33 years before the Mayflower.
 In 1595, a galleon shipwrecked near Point Reyes just north of the
San Francisco Bay; survivors swam to shore.
 Chinese artifacts in Mexico date back to the 16 th century.
 Chinese settlement in California goes back to at least the 17 th
century. The word Filipino did not exist back then. Many Mexicans
referred to them as “Chino”.
OPENING OF THE
SUEZ CANAL
 Suez Canal is one of the most important water ways in the world. The Canal was
opened in 1869 and it is 163 kilometers long. It connects Mediterranean Sea with Red
Sea and shortens the rod between south Asia and Europe significantly. Arabic,
Egyptian and some European ( like British, French etc. ) societies benefited from this
canal with its helps over irrigation, transportation and strategic military advantages.

 Importance of Suez Canal built up diplomatic crises and sometimes wars between
societies throughout history. Although Suez Canal is just a water way between two
continents, it symbolizes much more values ( strategic place, economic advantages, a
road through global world etc. ) to powerful country leaders of every century.
 In 1854, a French company took the right to construct a canal between the
Mediterranean and Red Sea. This was the most important attempt to build
up a canal.

 In 1859, the construction started and it lasted for ten years. After ten years
of construction, dreams of Napoleon and Muhammad Ali of Egypt became
true. The canal gave Egypt strategic importance as well as economic
growth. However, the construction of Suez Canal did not bring peace to
the area.
 IMPORTANCE
 Suez Canal decreases the road
 Suez Canal decreases the road between Europe and South Asia
between Europe and South Asia from 16000 km to 10000 km. The
from 16000 km to 10000 km. canal, with saying distance,
The canal, with saying distance, reduces the operational and fixed
reduces the operational and costs of companies as well as
decreasing the number of days
fixed costs of companies as well
that transportation of products
as decreasing the number of
occur.
days that transportation of
products occur.
 IMPORTANC
E
 In Europe, Suez Canal is very
important for the oil and trade
with Asia because it reduces
its distance from the country,
therefore, companies reduce
fuel payments, spent fewer
days in the transport of their
products and as a result
growing the world economies.
 In Europe, Suez Canal is very
important for the oil and trade
with Asia because it reduces
its distance from the country,
therefore, companies reduce
fuel payments, spent fewer
days in the transport of their
products and as a result
growing the world economies.
 IMPORTAN
CE
 Egypt needs labor force to  In conclusion, Suez Canal has
repair the erosion of the been and will remain a
coastlines and to defend them strategic point for the
against other countries, it hires development of the world trade
the Egyptian society to perform because it allows commercial
these tasks and thus reduces exchange between developing
the unemployment rate in the and developed countries
country. generating employment
opportunities, allowing the
transport of food and other
products indispensable for the
progress of a country.
 IMPACT OF SUEZ CANAL TO THE
PHILIPPINES
 The Suez Canal was  Another significance of
 The opening on
often called the the opening of Suez
November 17, 1869 of
“crossroads of Europe, Canal was it enabled
the Suez Canal in
Africa, Asia” because the importation of
Egypt, one of the most
the route was used to books, magazines and
important artificial sea-
transport goods to and newspapers with liberal
level waterways in the
from all three ideas from Europe and
world. As travel time
continents. The new America which
from the Philippines to
route was built for 10 eventually influenced
Spain and vice versa
years by a French the minds of Jose Rizal
was shortened to 30
company led by and other Filipino
days from more than 2
Ferdinand de reformists.
months.
Lesseps.
 IMPACT OF SUEZ CANAL TO THE
PHILIPPINES
 Political thoughts of  Moreover, the  The shortened route
liberal thinkers like shortened route also encouraged the
Jean Jacques encouraged more illustrados led by Rizal
Rousseau (Social and more Spaniards to pursue higher
Contract), John and Europeans with studies abroad and
Locke (two/ liberal ideas to come learn liberal and
Treatises of to the Philippines scientific ideas in the
Government), and interact with universities of europw.
Thomas Paine Filipino reformists.
( Common sense).
 THE PHILIPPINE AND THE
WORLD TRADE

 The decades from 1820 to 1870 were crucial it the

economic history of the world and produced
significant changes in the economy of the country. An
increase in trade and navigation in Asia accompanied
the opening of the Suez Canal. Goods like sugar,
fibers, coffee and, etc. became the main export
commodities. The Spanish government granted
shipping subsidies.
 As a result of all of this, in the Philippines there was
“ a saltatory rise in the level of foreign trade”. These
events and trends were common to the Southeast
Asia transformations from subsistence to export
economies. However, the trajectory followed by the
Islands was different from the Southeast Asian path.
The economies of the region’s colonial powers tried
to increase agricultural output, thus, pressuring the
peasants to produce more goods for export and to
develop plantation agriculture.
 British and Americans were predominant in the foreign trade. The
Chinese occupied the position of intermediaries between western
merchants and the domestic market. Despite the dominant presence
Of foreigners in the Philippine economy “a native middle class was
rising”

 The Philippines’ economic landscape was different from

Southeast Asia, i.e., Malaya and Indonesia Western foreigners,
public entities, and the Chinese joined rising domestic
entrepreneurs. The Spanish government participated financially in
the origination of utility companies and domestic businessmen
invested in the tramways and the created the brewing industry.
 This processes of economic integration in the world
market had its drawbacks. Income disparities
between regions and occupations became more
marked. The domestic textile industry could not
compete with foreign imports. During the 1880s,
the decade of death, the lower income groups
become more susceptible to diseases due to an
imbalance between commercial and subsistence
agriculture and due to the arrival of epidemic.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE DURING THE 19TH
CENTURY
 Philippine society was
predominantly feudalistic – the
results of the Spanish land holding Peninsulares
system imposed upon the country
with the arrival of the
conquistadores. An elite class Insulares
exploited the masses, fostered by
the “ master-slave” relationship
between the Spaniards and the Indio
Filipinos.
APEX:
 1. Spaniards Peninsulares – Limpieza de Sangre
(Pure Blood). – those Spaniards born in Spain
occupying the highest position in the social
structures together with other Europeos on non-
Spanish Europeans.

 2. Spanish Insulares – Hijos del Pajis (Sons of the

Country). – those Spaniards born in the Philippines
from full-blooded Spanish parents. During the
colonial period, the term “Filipino” was reserved to
this group.
 The Peninsulares exclusively controlled trip-level
administrative , civil and ecclesiastical positions in the
colony and they were close to the Insulares on the basis of
Limpieza de Sangre.

MIDDLE:

1. Spaniards Mestizos – Offspring of Spanish father and

Indio mother
2. Mestizo de Sangleyes – Offspring of Spanish-Chinese
parents
3. Mestizos Indios – Offspring of Chinese-Indio mixtures
 Economic prosperity could grant social mobility
through acquisition of higher education and learning
Spanish language and their culture, but money could
never buy purity “lempieza de sangre”.Thus
peninsulares can still use their “purity of blood” to
look down and belittling the wealthy indios, Chinese
or mestizo merchants who are disdainfully called as
“bestias cargadas de oro” (beast laden with gold), or
“ perras mercantiles” (merchant dogs).
BASE:
 Indios – native of the country

 Indio natural – refers to the natives of the island originated from Malay
race and considered as the today’s Filipino.

 Plain indios – those natives who had converted to Roman

Catholicism and settled in a town under Spanish jurisdiction
( reduccion system) or town under the bajo las campanas (under the
sound of the bell). The highest position available to plain indios is
Gobernadorcillio.

 Infieles – refers to the pagans who resisted the indoctrination and

lived outside the Spanish control maintaining their culture, religion
and lifeways. Spanish authorities called them into different names
like salvajes, remontados, landrones, tullisanes, and barbaros.
 Indios Sangleye – are the pure blooded Chinese or
Japanese who arrived in the Philippines to trade and
escape the hegemony of dynasties and shoguns. It is
the lowest within the social structure.

 The growing middle class towards the middle of the

19th century keenly felt intellectual disintegration. The
intellectual decadence was caused by an inadequate
educational system imposed on the people.
 EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF
1863
 Marked a milestone in the history of education in the Philippines
under Spain. For the first time, provisions were made of the
establishment of teacher training schools and for government
supervisions of the public-school system.

 To safeguard their own interests, the friars were upset whatever

noble intentions Spain had for improving the Philippine
educational system. Friars blocked the implementation of the
Madrid orders regarding education. The government in Spain
issued Moret Decree of 1870, which intended to secularize
higher education in the colony.