Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
THE 80/20 PRINCIPLE
• Voice recorders….
• Record with your own voice what all you feel difficult to
revise and remember
• Replay it when you are in an environment unsuitable for
studying
• 30% of your recall work gets completed
• Use the extra time you have got to learn new stuff
CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES OF
PSYCHOLOGY
Reality principle
EGO Acceptable way to
satisfy the Id
Deliberate, rational
Perfection principle
SUPER EGO Internal censor
Judgmental,
internalized standard
● is innate
ID
● The Id is ruled by The Pleasure Principle:
(I WANT, I WANT, I WANT, I WANT!!!!!)
● Pleasure Principle: Cares only about immediate self-
gratification; does not care about deferring, doesn’t care
about others.
● is the source of libidinal energy
GUILT
EGO IDEAL
(SUPEREGO)
Tells us what to do. It is the
POSITIVE aspect of the
superego.
• Projection
• This is where characteristics or desires
that are unacceptable to a person’s ego
are externalized onto someone else
• Reaction formation
• A person displays behavior that is exact
opposite of an impulse that he dare not
express or acknowledge
• Regression
• An individual attempts to avoid current
anxiety by withdrawing to the behavior
patterns of an earlier age
• Repression
• Primary repression – the expulsion of
thought and memories that might
provoke anxiety from the conscious
mind
• Primal repression – the process by which
hidden id impulses are blocked from
ever reaching consciousness.
• Rationalization:
• Attempt to explain our behavior to
ourselves and others in a socially
acceptable way - finding logic to ones
action
• Denial:
• A person may deny some aspect of reality
• Identification
• This is incorporating an external object
into one’s own personality – one may act
and feel like someone else
FREUDIAN CONCEPTS
• ID • LATENCY
• GENITAL
Oral Stage : Birth to 1.5 year
💧 Interaction with environment : mother's breast is not only
is the source of food – represents her love and care and
feeling of safety. Satisfy drive of hunger and thirst by
breast or bottle
• Successful resolution---
- personal autonomy
- independence
- initiative
- co-operation
URETHRAL STAGE
• Transitional stage btn anal and phallic
stages
• Similar traits of anal stage
Phallic Stage: 3 – 6 years
• Electra complex
⮚ They also realize the morphological diff b/w boys & girls.
Positive outcome:
• If needs are met by parents, infants develop a
secure attachment with parents but also learn to
trust their environment as well
Negative outcome:
• If needs are not met infant will develop mistrust
towards people, environment and even towards
themselves
AUTONOMY V/S DOUBT
Introduction:
Child start moving away from mother
Child learn to walk, talk, use toilets and
develop sense of autonomy
Positive outcome:
If parents encourage child and reassure
him when he make mistakes, the child will
develop confidence to cope with future
situations that require choice, control and
independence
Negative outcome:
If parents do not encourage the child when
he makes mistakes child feels ashamed of
his behavior and will have too much doubt
of his abilities
Initiative Vs guilt (3-5yrs)
Introduction:
Child begins to develop more freedom, motor
skills, increase physical activity and motion,
extreme curiosity and questioning
Positive outcome:
If encouraging parents help the child to learn
to accept the concept of right and wrong
Negative outcome:
If child initiative are constantly curtailed by
parents, he may develop a sense of guilt and
may come to believe that its wrong to be
independent.
Industry Vs Inferiority(6-11yrs)
Introduction:
• Child works to acquire academic and social
skills to compete in environment, set up his
industry in competitive world
Positive outcome:
• Children discover pleasure in being productive,
seeking success, will develop a sense of
competence
Negative outcome:
• If not productive or being compared to children
who are academically, socially, physically better,
can develop a sense of inferiority and
uselessness
Identity Vs Role confusion(12-
18yrs)
Introduction:
This is the time when child question himself
‘Who Am I’
Child search for his own identity which
includes both a feeling of belonging to
larger group and a realization that one can
exist outside family
Positive outcome:
Child emerge out with strong
personality/identity and ready to plan for
future
Negative outcome:
Confused adolescent emerge out, unable
to make decisions and choices about
vocation, sexual orientation and his role in
life as such
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Most orthodontic treatment is carried out
during the adolescent period
Introduction:
Stage begin with attainment of intimate
relationships with others
Positive outcome:
Development of intimate relationships needs
compromises and sacrifices, so person learn to
adapt to the society
Negative outcome:
Child will be isolated, fear commitment, unable to
depend upon anybody in this world
• Generativity vs. Transmitting something positive to the
Stagnation next generation
Middle Adulthood
• Permanence of object.
• CHANGE
• Hard at the beginning
• Messy in the middle
• Gorgeous at the end
Operant conditioning-
B.F. Skinner
Extension of classical conditioning
It relies on 3 main laws:
1. Law of the effect :means that a response
will be strengthened or weakened, depending
on the positive or negative consequences
that accompany it.
2. Law of exercise: means that patterns are strengthened
through repetition until this pattern becomes a habit.
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT:
• Involves removal withdrawal of
unpleasant stimuli following response.
eg. The child is showing temper tantrums
and the treatment is stopped
OMISSION (Time-out):
Involves removal of pleasant stimulus
after a particular response
eg.Favorite toy of a child is taken away who throws temper tantrums for short
time probability of similar behavior decreased.
PUNISHMENT: Introduction of unpleasant stimulus is
presented after response the probability that the behavior
that prompted the punishment will occur in future is reduced.
e.g.. Use of palatal rake in correction of tongue thrusting habit,
hand over mouth technique and physical restraints.
NOTE :