MODULE 3 part 2 &

numerical on shear flow

WAVE SPECTRUM
Each sea state contains wave energy which is distributed
between the various frequencies. The energy distribution over
a range of frequencies can be described by the wave
spectrum. Wave spectra are estimated for particular locations,
There are many wave spectra available according to the area
of interest, The wave spectrum can be modelled, for a
specified wave height and wave period, using theoretical
models that have been fitted to real life environmental data
from measurements over, usually, large periods of time
(typically more than ten years).
RESPONSE AMPLITUDE OPERATOR ( RAO)

During the response analysis, the ship’s motions (heave,

pitch, surge, yaw, roll and sway), bending moments (vertical
and horizontal), shear forces, torsion and (probably) wave
pressure distribution, are determined. These are called the
‘transfer functions’ or ‘Response Amplitude Operators’ and
describe the response of the ship to a regular sinusoidal
wave, with unit amplitude, for different frequencies. The
transfer function can be obtained, practically from towing tank
experiments, or theoretically using wave response software.
IRREGULAR WAVES
The natural seaway on the oceans is irregular. It is also
referred to as random sea, or as confused sea. The sea
shows rarely a unidirectional, regular sinusoidal wave pattern,
but we observe a mixture of waves of different length, height
and direction.
The natural seaway can be decomposed to a sum of partial
sinusoidal waves, each having a relatively small steepness,
even for a severe sea. Therefore, the spectral approach with
a sum of partial waves constitutes a valid representation for a
random sea.
From careful observation, certain typical or characteristic
parameters can be estimated, such as a significant wave
height, period, and direction of progress.
IRREGULAR WAVES ( CONTD….)

St. Denis and Pierson introduced a mathematical

description of natural seaways. Their work was a milestone to
allow a calculation of random seas and linear ship motion.
The unidirectional, irregular wave pattern ζ is seen as the sum
of regular partial waves, as shown in Figure (at x=0). From a
record of the irregular sea, Fourier analysis can calculate
partial waves. An irregular record can be plotted again as a
sum of the partial waves, according to Equation below.
IRREGULAR WAVES ( CONTD ----)
 Irregular wave from sum of regular waves.
 ζ(x,t, ɛ )=∑ ci x cos(ki x-ωi t+ɛi)
 ζ wave ordinate, expressing surface elevation x, t
way of progress, time
 i number of wave component (partial wave)
 n total number of partial waves
 ci amplitude of the ith partial wave
 ki wave number
 ωi circular frequency of partial wave
 εi phase angle of partial wave
Torsional moments on ship
Torsional moments on ships ( Contd..)
Torsion in ships is caused due to forces which do not pass
through the sheer centre line axis of a ship’s hull cross
section. Torsional moment has two main components namely
a) static torsion or still water torsion,
b) dynamic torsion or wave induced torsion.
Other forms of torsional moments arise from the
vibration of propeller shaft, vibrations due to twin
screw propellers etc. As the name suggests, wave
induced torsion is caused due to the unsymmetrical
hydrodynamic wave loading on the port and the
starboard sides of the vessel. Similarly, still water
loading is caused due to the unsymmetrical cargo
loading over port and starboard with the ship
remaining upright.
Torsional moments on ships ( Contd…)

A ship heading obliquely to a wave will be subjected

to righting moments of opposite direction at its ends,
twisting the hull and putting it in ‘torsion’. In most
ships these torsional moments and stresses are
negligible but in ships such as large container ships
with extremely wide and long deck openings they are
significant.
Wave bending moment calculation
We can calculate the wave bending moments by placing the
ship on the design wave.
 We can use the Bonjean curves to determine the buoyancy
forces due to the quasi-static effects of the wave;
The steps to determine the wave bending moment are;
 Obtain bonjeans at each station determine the still water
buoyancy forces, using the design draft. Fisw = Aisw x li x
g at each station
 determine the total buoyancy forces, using the local draft in
that portion of the wave. Fiwt = Aiwt x li x g
 The net wave buoyancy forces are the difference between
wave and still water. Fiwave = Fiwt-Fisw
 This gives us a set of station buoyancy forces due to the
wave (net of still water). These forces should be in
equilibrium (no net vertical force). We can calculate the
moment at midships from either the net effect of all forces
forward, or all forces aft (the two moments will balance).
Calculate and draw shear stress distribution in the beam as
given above. Load od 30T is applied middle of the beam
length.