Chapter 5

Factorial Designs
 What if we need to investigate the
effect of more than one variable?
Approaches:
• One factor at a time (1-FAT) experiments:
Investigate the effect of each factor while
holding the rest constant.
• Factorial Experiments:
Investigate the effect of all possible
factor level combinations.
Advantage:
Allows investigating the effect of
individual factors (main effects) as well
as their interactions.

Interaction:
Two factors are said to be interacting if
the effect of one depends on the level of
the other.
Example:
Suppose A is a factor representing the time
you leave home to work, and B is the factor
representing the road traffic conditions. If
the response y is the time you make it to
work, then:
“Nothing can be said about the effect of A
without reference to the level of B.”

In other words, A and B are interacting.

Two-Factor Factorial Designs:
Experiments involving two factors: A at a
levels and B at b levels, with each possible
combination replicated n times at random.
Results of (a x b x n) = N runs
B
A 1 2 …. b
1 y111,..,y11n y121,...y12n …. y1b1,..y1bn

2 y211,.., y21n y221,..y22n …. y2b1,..,y2bn

.. .. .. .. …. .. ..

a ya11,…,ya1n ya21,…,ya2n …. yab1,..yabn

The statistical Model:
Observed values of the response yijk can
be represented by the linear model:-
yijk     i   j  ( ) ij   ijk
Where,
(ij is a parameter representing the
average effect of the interaction between
the ith row and the jth column.
The hypotheses of interest:

1. Equality of row effects:

Ho: i = 0 Vs. H1: i  0
2. Equality of column effects:
Ho: j = 0 Vs. H1: j  0
3. No interaction effects:
Ho: (ij = 0 Vs. H1:
(ij  0
The ANOVA Proposition
The total variability in observed responses
can be decomposed into four components:
• Variability due to row effects.
• Variability due to column effects,
• Variability due to row-column
interactions, and
• Variability due to experimental Error.
The ANOVA Proposition
In terms of the Sum of Squares:
SSTotal = SSA+ SSB+ SSAB+SSError

The corresponding decomposition of the

number of degrees of freedom is:
(N-1) = (a-1) + (b-1)+ (a-1)(b-1)+ab(n-1)
The ANOVA Table:

Source SS df MS F0

A SSA (a-1) MSA

B SSB (b-1) MSB

AB SSAB (a-1)(b-1) MSAB

Error SSError ab(n-1) MSError

Total SSTotal (N-1)

Example:
An experiment is conducted to determine
the effects of the plate material and
temperature on the life of a battery. Three
levels of each factor selected, and a factorial
experiment with four replicates is
performed. The life data (in hours) follow:
Material Temperature oF (B)
Type (A) 15 70 125
1 130 155 34 40 20 70
74 180 80 75 82 58

2 150 188 136 122 25 70

159 126 106 115 58 45

3 138 110 174 120 96 104

168 160 150 139 82 60
ANOVA Table:

Source SS Df MS F0 P-value

A 10683.72 2 5341.86 7.91 0.0020

B 39118.72 2 19559.36 28.97 0.0001
AB 9613.78 4 2403.44 3.56 0.0186
Error 18230.75 27 675.21

Total 77646.97 35
There is a significant interaction between the type
of material (A) and temperature level (B), at
 > 0.0186.
Model Adequacy Checking
To detect violations of the basic assumptions
of the ANOVA procedure, we need to
examine the residuals given by:

eijk  yijk  yij

Where,yij is the cell average
The Interaction Plot:

Interaction Plot
160 Factor_A
1
Average Life (hours)

140 2
120 3

100
80
60
40
15 70 125
Temperature level
Interpretation:
By inspection of the plot, the following can be
inferred:
• At the low temperature level, the average
battery life is high regardless of the type of
material used.
• At the intermediate temperature level,
material type 3 shows the highest average
life.
• At the high temperature level, all averages
decrease with material type 3 having the
highest average life.
Conclusion:
The use of material type 3 is recommended
since it results in a minimum change of the
average life over all temperature levels.