Types of Test

Scores
January 30, 2024
 Test Score
is a piece of information, usually a number, that
conveys the performance of an examinee on a
test.

Formal definition:
a summary of the evidence contained in an
examinee's responses to the items of a test that
are related to the construct or constructs being
measured.
 Results of tests are in the
form of scores. These are:
Raw and Percentile rank Standard Scores
Percentage Scores  the percentage of
the numerical scores that fall: Test scores that are
description of the 1. below the given transformed to a
achievement or score. scale that has
performance of an 2. at or below the predetermined
individual after the given score mean and standard
test paper (answer- 3. below the midpoint deviation.
sheet) is scored. of the given score

interval
 Raw and Percentage Scores
Raw Score ( RS)
Obtained by counting the number of correct
responses in a test following the scoring directions.
Example:
Rica who got 30 of 50 items in a Prof 10 correctly got a
score of 30.
This means Rica was able to answer 60% of the items
accurately, which is the PERCENTAGE SCORE (PS)

LIMITATION:
RS and PS do not provide adequate information
about student performance.
.
Percentile Rank (PR)
- gives the percent of scores that are or below
raw or standard score.
- not to be confused with the percentage of
correct answers.

Def`n 3 of PR “below the midpoint of the given

score interval” for a median score, and the highest
and lowest scores are both the same distance from
the extremes of the percentile rank scale.
Three Steps in Computing Percentile Ranks of
Test Scores in a Particular Distribution
1. Prepare a frequency distribution
2. Add a column of cumulative frequencies (<CF)
How? Add the frequency values
successively from the lowest score to the
highest score
3. Solve for the PR of a particular test score using the formula,
0.5 F + < CF
PR = x 100
N
where: PR , the percentile rank of the test score
F , the frequence of test score x
N , the number of examinees
Table 1. Percentile Ranks and Frequencies of Scores Based on a
20-item True-False Exam in Prof Ed 4 with 40 students
Score Frequency F Less than Cumulative Exact Percentile Percentile
X Frequency <CF Rank Rank
20 5

19 3
18 4
17 6
16 10
15 5
14 2
13 3
12 1
11 1
Table 1. Percentile Ranks and Frequencies of Scores Based on a
20-item True-False Exam in Prof Ed 4 with 40 students
Score Frequency F Less than Cumulative Exact Percentile Percentile
X Frequency <CF Rank Rank
20 5
40 93.75 94
19 3
35 83.75 84
18 4
32 75
17 6
28 62.5 62 0r 63
16 10
22 42.5 43
15 5
12 24 24
14 2
7 15 15
13 3
5 9 9
12 1
11 1 2 3.75 4
1
 From Table 1, solve for PR of test score, x = 16
0.5 F + < CF x 100
PR =
N
0.5(10) + 12
PR = 40
x 100

PR = 0.425 x 100
PR = 42.5 = 43
The test score of 16 has a PR = 43 is interpreted as the
percentage of scores falling below the test score of 16.
From Table 1, solve for PR of test score, x = 19
0.5 F + < CF x 100
PR =
N
0.5(3) + 32
PR = 40
x 100

PR = 0.8375 x 100
PR = 83.75 = 84
Score x = 19 with PR = 84 is interpreted as the
percentage of scores falling below the score of 19.
 Prof Ed 10 AoL 2 Quiz 2
Date: February 6, 2024 4 x 5 = 20 points

From Table 1, solve for PR of test scores, x that are

even: 20, 18, 14 and 12
odd: 19, 17, 15 and 13

Use the formula below.

0.5 F + < CF
PR = x 100
N
Four Types of Standard Scores ( SS )

z-scores t-scores
.

stanine Percentile
ranks
Figure A

Figure B
 Figure A

Figure A represents a score distribution with a mean of 50 and

standard deviation of 10.
 Figure B

Figure B represents a score distribution with a mean of 50 and

a standard deviation of 5
 The shape of the distributions is the
same, but the means and standard
Figure A deviations are different . This happens
because the ranges of the scores from
Figure A differs from Figure B. In this
case, the two scores in Figures A and B
Figure B cannot be compared because they
belong to two different groups.
EXAMPLE
Kyla obtained a score of 92 in Prof Ed 1 and 88 in Prof Ed 8.
Questions:
1. In which subjects did she perform well?
2. Are we correct if we say Kyla performed well in Prof Ed 1
This may be true. But how certain?
If we say, she is better in Prof Ed 1, then we are treating 92 as
percentages. In most cases, scores are converted to percentages before
the teacher returned the test papers to students, but not always. Kyla`s
score of 92 in Prof Ed 1 might mean she answered 92 items correctly
out of 100 items, or can be interpreted 92 items correct out of 150
items.
This can happen also in her Prof Ed 8 score of 88; she might
answer 88 items correctly out of 100, or 88 correct items out of
150.
In other words, raw score cannot be interpreted directly though
these raw score are important to describe both score
distributions. The mean value and the standard deviation are
necessary to describe the distribution of scores.
Add the mean values and standard deviations of the scores of students in Prof
Ed 1 and Prof Ed 8 as shown below.
Prof Ed 1 Prof Ed 8
Raw scores, x = 92 x = 88
Mean, x = 95 x = 80
SD = 3 SD = 4
Kyla`s score in Prof Ed 1 is 3 points below the class mean performance and 8
points above the class mean performance in Prof Ed 8.
Using the mean value, Kyla performed better in Prof Ed 8 than in Prof Ed 1
compared with the performance of the rest of her classmates.
How about the standard deviation?
The SD determines how many percent of the scores above or below each
score has in the distribution.
Assuming the scores in Prof Ed 1 and Prof Ed 8 are normally distributed,
construct a normal curve that represents the given data. The normal curve is
used to compare the distribution with different means and different standard
deviations.

83 86 89 92 95 98 101 104 107

 68 72 76 80 84 88 92

The shaded area represents the percentage of scores lower than the score of
Kyla. In Prof Ed 1, Kyla`s score is 1 SD unite below the mean. IN Prof Ed 8, her
score is 2SD units above the mean.
To determine the exact percentage of the scores below the score of Kyla in
Prof Ed 1 anf Prof Ed 8, use the normal curve model below.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
15.86% or approximately 16% of the scores below the score of Kyla in Prof Ed 1

97.71% or 98% of the students` scores in Prof Ed 8 are lower than Kyla`s 98 Th
percentile score in Prof Ed 8.
Z-scores
used to convert raw score to standard score to determine how far a raw score
lies from the mean in standard units. We can also determine whether a student
performs well in the examination compared to the performance of the whole
class.
The z-score value indicates the distance between the given raw score and the
mean value in units of standard deviation. The z-value is positive when the raw
score is above the mean. The z-value is negative when the raw score is velow the
mean.
 Z-score formula :
, where :

X = score:
The Z-score formula is very essential when we compare the performance of the
student in her/his subjects or the performance of two students that belongs to
different groups. It can determine the exact location of the scores whether
above or below the mean and how many standard deviation units it is from the
mean. In z-score, the mean is 0 and the standard unit is 1.

Example :
Using the data about Kyla `s scores in Prof Ed 1 and Prof Ed 2, solve for the
z-value.
Prof Ed 1
=
Prof Ed 8
Raw scores, x = 92 x = 88
Mean, x = 95 x = 80
SD = 3 SD = 4
Z-score of Prof Ed 1

𝟗𝟐 − 𝟗𝟓 𝟖𝟖 − 𝟖𝟎
𝟑 𝟒
−𝟑 𝟖
𝟑 𝟒
Z = -1 Z = 2
Analysis:
Kyla`s score in Prof Ed 1 is 1 SD unit below the mean. Her score in Prof Ed 8 is
2SD units above the mean. Therefore, Kyla performed better in Prof Ed 8 than in
Prof Ed 1.
T-scores
There are two possible values of z-scores, positive z if the raw score is above the
mean and negative z if the raw score is below the mean. To avoid confusion
between negative and positive value, use T-score to convert raw scores.
T-score has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.
To convert raw score to T-score, find first the z-score equivalent of the raw score
and use the formula:

T-score = 10 z + 50
Prof Ed 1 Z-score is -1 and Prof Ed 8 z-score is +2
Solve for T-score equivalent of:
Prof Ed 1. Prof Ed 8

T-score = 10 z + 50 T-score = 10 z + 50
= 10(-1) + 50 = 10(2) + 50
= -10 + 50 = 20 + 50
T-score = 40 T-score = 70
Analysis:
Z-score of -1 is equivalent to a T- score of 40, z-score of 2 is equivalent to a
score of 70. Negative value is eliminated in the T-score equivalent. Therefore,
Kyla performed better in Prof Ed 8 than in Prof Ed 1 due o higher value of T-
score which is equal to 70.
z-score - 4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
3
T-score 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Figure 2. Relationship Between z-score and T-score

Standard Nine
Standard Nine point scale is known as stanine, the origin word is
standard + nine.

Stanine is a nine-point grading scale ranging from 1 – 9, 1 being the lowest

and 9 the highest. Stanine grading is easier to understand than the other
standard score model. The descriptive interpretation of

stanine 1, 2, 3 - below average,

stanine 4, 5, 6 - average
stanine 7, 8, 9 - above average.

See the graph of stanine …

Below average Average Above average
Below average Average Above average
 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

RESOURCE 1 RESOURCE 2 RESOURCE 3

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