Are derived scores which utilize the normal

curve to show how students performance

compares with the distribution of scores above
and below the arithmetic mean.
Two Types of Derived Scores:
Standard
Scores a. Scores of relative standing – percentiles,
standard scores and stanines
b. Developmental scores – grade and grade
equivalents
A. Z-Score
 z = (35 – 25)/10
Answer: = 10/10
=1
B. T-score
 Z = (12 – 15)/2
= -3/2
T = 10z + 50
Answer
= 10 (-3/2) + 50
= -15 + 50
= 35
C. Stanine (Short for Standard Nine)
 Z = (12- + 15)/2
= -3/2

Answer Stanine = 2z + 5
= 2 (-3/2) + 5
=2
More on Measures of Position
Box and Whisker’s Plot
Correlation
 Measures of Position
The z-Score
The z-score measures how many standard deviations a single
data item is from the mean.
 
 Measures of Position
Example: Comparing with z-Scores
Two students, who take different history classes, had exams on
the same day. Jen’s score was 83 while Joy’s score was 78.
Which student did relatively better, given the class data shown
below?
Jen Joy

Class mean 78 70

Class standard deviation 4 5

 Measures of Position
Example: Comparing with z-Scores
Jen Joy
83 78
Class mean 78 70

Class standard deviation 4 5

Joy’s z-score:
Jen’s z-score:
78 – 70
83 – 78 = 1.6
= 1.25 5
4
Joy’s z-score is higher as she was positioned relatively higher
within her class than Jen was within her class.
 Measures of Position
Percentiles
A percentile measure the position of a single data item based
on the percentage of data items below that single data item.
Standardized tests taken by larger numbers of students,
convert raw scores to a percentile score.
If approximately n percent of the items in a distribution are
less than the number x, then x is the nth percentile of the
distribution, denoted Pn.
 Measures of Position
Percentiles
Example:
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72 74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82
84 86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100

Find the fortieth percentile.

40% = 0.4
The average of the 12th and 13th items
0.4(30) represents the 40th percentile (P40).
12
40% of the scores were below 74.5.
 Measures of Position

Deciles are the nine values (denoted D1, D2,…, D9) along the
scale that divide a data set into ten (approximately) equal
parts.
10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%

Quartiles are the three values (Q1, Q2, Q3) that divide the data
set into four (approximately) equal parts.
25%, 50%, and 75%
 Measures of Position

Example: Deciles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72 74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82
84 86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100

Find the sixth decile.

Sixth decile = 60% The average of the 18th and 19th items
60% = 0.6 represents the 6 th
decile (D6).
0.6(30) 60% of the scores were at or below 82.
18
 Measures of Position

Quartiles
For any set of data (ranked in order from least to greatest):
The second quartile, Q2 (50%) is the median.
The first quartile, Q1 (25%) is the median of items below Q2.
The third quartile, Q3 (75%) is the median of items above Q2.
 Measures of Position

Example: Quartiles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72 74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82
84 86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100

Find the three quartiles.

Q1= 25% The 8th item represents the 1st quartile
25% = 0.25 (Q1)
0.25(30) 25% of the scores were below 72.
7.5
 Measures of Position

Example: Quartiles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72 74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82
84 86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100

Find the three quartiles.

Q2= 50% = median The average of the 15th and 16th items
50% = 0.5 represents the 2 nd
quartile (Q2) or the
0.5(30) median
15 50% of the scores were below 78.5.
 Measures of Position

Example: Quartiles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72 74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82
84 86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100

Find the three quartiles.

Q3= 75% The 23rd item represents the 3rd quartile
75% = 0.75 (Q3)
0.75(30) 75% of the scores were below 88.
22.5
Measures of Position
Measures of Position
Measures of Position
Measures of Position
 First Quartile = [(1/4)(25+1)]th= 6.5th = 18.5
Third Quartile = [(3/4)(25+1)]th= 19.5 th = 24.5
IQR = 24.5 – 18.5 = 6
Lower Fence/Bound = 18.5 – 1.5 (6) = 18.5 – 9 = 9.5
Upper Fence/Bound = 24.5 + 1.5 (6) = 24.5 + 9 = 33.5
Answer Therefore:
1. Emily’s score (11) is not an outlier since it is not
found below the lower fence.
2. Danielle score (38) is an outlier since it is found
beyond the upper fence.
Measures of
Relationship
1. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
(Pearson’s correlation, for short) is a measure of the strength
and direction of association that exists between two variables
measured on at least an interval scale.
2. A point-biserial correlation is used to measure the strength
and direction of the association that exists between one
continuous variable and one dichotomous variable.
 It is a special case of the Pearson product-moment
correlation coefficient , which is applied when you have two
continuous variables, whereas in this case one of the
variables is measured on a dichotomous scale.
Measures of
Relationship
3.  Use Spearman Rank (rank values of those two
variables), Kendall Tau, and Coefficient Gamma to
show relationship between two variables.

4. If the two variables of interest are categorical in

nature (e.g., "passed" vs. "failed" by "male" vs.
"female") appropriate nonparametric statistics for
testing the relationship between the two variables are
the Chi-square test
(categorical data), the Phi coefficient, and the Fisher
exact test.
Measures of
Relationship

5. A simultaneous test for relationships between

multiple cases is available: Kendall coefficient
of concordance. This test is often used for
expressing inter-rater agreement among
independent judges who are rating (ranking) the
same stimuli.
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