Peer-graded Assignment

 Question 1: Under the given assumption, have you correctly calculated to at least four
decimal places the probability that a student scores 70 or less in component 1? (5
points)

ANSWER: z = (x - μ) / σ

x = the value we want to find the probability

μ = the mean

σ = the standard deviation

z = (70 - 75) / 3

z = -5 / 3

 Question 2: For the given data set, have you correctly calculated to at least four
decimal places the fraction of students with an engineering background who have
scored 70 or less in component 1? (5 points)

ANSWER: P(A), is 60% or 0.6.

Using the properties of the normal distribution.

z = (x - μ) / σ

x is the value (70)

μ is the mean (75)

σ is the standard deviation

z = (70 - 75) / 3 z = -5 / 3

z-score of -5/3

 Question 3: For the given distributions, have you calculated the expected value of the
class score in component 1? (5 points)

ANSWER: μ_eng = 75
μ_com = 76

μ_other = 85

Expected value = (probability of engineering background) * (expected score for engineering

background) + (probability of commerce background) * (expected score for commerce background) +
(probability of other background) * (expected score for other background)

Expected value = (0.60 * 75) + (0.30 * 76) + (0.10 * 85)

= 45 + 22.8 + 8.5

= 76.3

 Question 4: For the given data set, have you correctly calculated to at least four
decimal places the average scored by students in component 1? (5 points)

ANSWER: Average score = (Mean score for engineering * Probability of engineering) + (Mean
score for commerce * Probability of commerce) + (Mean score for other * Probability of other)

Average score = (75 * 0.6) + (76 * 0.3) + (85 * 0.1)

= 45 + 22.8 + 8.5

= 76.3

 Question 5: Under the given assumption, have you correctly calculated to at least four
decimal places the probability that the student is neither from an engineering
background nor from a commerce background? (10 points)

ANSWER: A = Student is from an engineering background

B = Student is from a commerce background
C = Student is from some other background
D = Student scored 80 or more in component 1
P(C | D) = P(D | C) * P(C) / P(D)

P(D | C) = 1 - Φ((80 - 85) / 4)

= 1 - Φ(-1.25)

= 1 - 0.1056 ≈ 0.8944

P(D) = P(D | A) * P(A) + P(D | B) * P(B) + P(D | C) * P(C)

P(D | A) = 1 - Φ((80 - 75) / 3)

= 1 - Φ(1.67) ≈ 0.0475

P(D | B) = 1 - Φ((80 - 76) / 5)

= 1 - Φ(0.8) ≈ 0.2119

Now we can substitute the values into the equation:

P(D) = P(D | A) * P(A) + P(D | B) * P(B) + P(D | C) * P(C)

= 0.0475 * 0.6 + 0.2119 * 0.3 + 0.8944 * 0.1

=0.1196 + 0.0636 + 0.0894 = 0.2726

FINALLY,

P(C | D) = P(D | C) * P(C) / P(D)

= 0.8944 * 0.1 / 0.2726

≈ 0.328

 Question 6: Have you correctly calculated the percentage of the students, neither
from engineering nor a commerce background, who have scored over 80 in
component 1? (5 points)

ANSWER: E = Student is from an engineering background

C = Student is from a commerce background

N = Student is from neither an engineering nor a commerce background

S = Student scored over 80 in component 1

P(E) = 0.60

P(C) = 0.30

P(N) = 0.10

P(N|S) = (P(N) * P(S|N)) / P(S)

First, let's calculate P(S):

P(S) = P(E) * P(S|E) + P(C) * P(S|C) + P(N) * P(S|N)

P(S|E) = P(X > 80 | X ~ N(75, 3)) = 1 - P(X ≤ 80 | X ~ N(75, 3))

= 1 - Φ((80 - 75) / 3)

= 1 - Φ(1.67) ≈ 1 - 0.9525 ≈ 0.0475

P(S|C) = P(X > 80 | X ~ N(76, 5)) = 1 - P(X ≤ 80 | X ~ N(76, 5)) = 1 - Φ((80 - 76) / 5)

= 1 - Φ(0.8) ≈ 1 - 0.7881 ≈ 0.2119

P(S|N) = P(X > 80 | X ~ N(85, 4)) = 1 - P(X ≤ 80 | X ~ N(85, 4))

= 1 - Φ((80 - 85) / 4)

= 1 - Φ(-1.25) ≈ 1 - 0.1056 ≈ 0.8944

Now, let's calculate P(S):

P(S) = P(E) * P(S|E) + P(C) * P(S|C) + P(N) * P(S|N)

= 0.60 * 0.0475 + 0.30 * 0.2119 + 0.10 * 0.8944 ≈ 0.0285 + 0.0636 + 0.0894 ≈ 0.1815

P(N|S) = (P(N) * P(S|N)) / P(S)

= (0.10 * 0.8944) / 0.1815 ≈ 0.0894 / 0.1815 ≈ 0.4922

Therefore, approximately 49.

 Question 7: Have you calculated the point estimate and constructed the 95%
confidence interval of the mean score of students rounded off to four decimal places?
(15 points)

ANSWER: a) Point estimate of the mean score:

Retrieve the scores of the sampled students from the dataset.

Calculate the average score (mean) of the three components for each student.

Compute the average of the mean scores obtained from the sampled students.

This average is the point estimate of the mean score of students taking this course.

b) 95% confidence interval of the mean scores

 Question 8: Under the given assumption, have you concluded with proper reasoning
whether the students with engineering backgrounds have an average score of 75 in
component 1 or not? (15 points)

ANSWER: Null Hypothesis (H₀): The average score of students with engineering backgrounds in
component 1 is equal to 75.

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): The average score of students with engineering backgrounds in
component 1 is not equal to 75.

 Question 9: Have you compared the performance of the students from the commerce
and engineering backgrounds and given appropriate reasons while drawing the
comparisons? (15 points)

ANSWER:

Mean Score: Calculate the mean score for students from each background and compare them. If the
mean score of one group is significantly higher than the other, it suggests better performance on
average.

Score Distribution: Examine the distribution of scores for each background. Look at the spread of
scores, including the standard deviation and any skewness or outliers. A smaller standard deviation
indicates less variability in scores, while a larger standard deviation suggests more diverse
performance.

Performance Comparison: Compare the proportion of students from each background who achieve
high scores (e.g., above a certain threshold or percentile). This will help determine whether one
group has a higher concentration of top performers.

Question 10: Have you correctly calculated to five decimal places the respective values in each of
the four given categories?

ANSWER: E = Event that a student is from an engineering background.

C = Event that a student is from a commerce background.

N = Event that a student is from neither an engineering nor a commerce background.

We are given:

P(E) = 0.60

P(C) = 0.30

P(N) = 0.10

Engineering background (E):

P(E) = 0.60

Mean score (E) = 75

= P(E) * Mean score (E) = 0.60 * 75 = 45

Commerce background (C):

P(C) = 0.30

Mean score (C) = 76

= P(C) * Mean score (C) = 0.30 * 76 = 22.8

Neither engineering nor commerce background (N): P(N) = 0.10

Mean score (N) = 85

= P(N) * Mean score (N) = 0.10 * 85 = 8.5

Other backgrounds (Backgrounds not mentioned in the given categories):

P(Other) = 1 - P(E) - P(C) - P(N)

= 1 - 0.60 - 0.30 - 0.10 = 0.00

= P(Other) * Mean score (Other) = 0.00 * Mean score (Other) = 0.00