PRE-MBA FINAL ASSIGNMENT

ANSWERS:
Q.1 Consider the normal distribution of students with engineering backgrounds, which has a
mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 3, to determine the likelihood that a student with an
engineering background will receive a component 1 score of 70 or lower.

FORMULA: z = (x - mean) / standard_deviation

For x = 70, mean = 75, and standard_deviation = 3

z = (70 - 75) / 3 = -5 / 3 ≈ -1.67

Now, we find the probability using the standard normal table or calculator. The probability of
scoring 70 or less is the probability of being below the z-score of -1.67.
P(Z ≤ -1.67) ≈ 0.0475 or 4.75%

Therefore, the likelihood that a student with an engineering background receives a component
1 score of 70 or lower is roughly 4.75 percent.

Q2. We must count the number of engineering students who received a Component 1 score of
70 or less and divide that number by the overall number of engineering students in the dataset
to determine the percentage of engineering students who received a Component 1 score of 70
or less.

The number of engineering students who received a Component 1 score of 70 or lower will be
counted:

Number of engineering students = 1 (Serial no. 1, Email address p1001@edu.in, scored 70 in

component 1)

Fraction = Number of engineering students who scored 70 or less / Total number of engineering
students

= 1 / (Number of engineering students in the dataset)

= 1 / 50 = 0.02 or 2%

Thus, in the provided data set, about 2% of students with an engineering background received a
component 1 score of 70 or lower.

Q3. To determine the expected value (mean) of the class score in component 1, we must
consider the unique means of the three educational backgrounds (engineering, business, and
others) and their corresponding probabilities.
  μ_eng = Mean score for students with an engineering background (given as 75)
 μ_com = Mean score for students with a commerce background (given as 76)
 μ_oth = Mean score for students with other backgrounds (given as 85)
 P_eng = Probability of a student having an engineering background (given as 60% or 0.6)
 P_com = Probability of a student having a commerce background (given as 30% or 0.3)
 P_oth = Probability of a student having other backgrounds (given as 10% or 0.1)

The expected value (mean) of component 1 score, E(X1), can be calculated as:

E(X1) = μ_eng * P_eng + μ_com * P_com + μ_oth * P_oth

E(X1) = 75 * 0.6 + 76 * 0.3 + 85 * 0.1
E(X1) = 45 + 22.8 + 8.5
E(X1) = 76.3

Therefore, the class score in component 1 has an expected value (mean) of roughly 76.3.

Q4. The average score by students in component 1 is approximately 75.43

Q5. Given the following probabilities: P(A) = Probability of engineering background = 0.60 P(B) =
Probability of commerce background = 0.30 P(C) = Probability of other background = 0.10

Also, the conditional probabilities: P(D|A) = Probability of scoring 80 or more given an

engineering background ≈ 0.02275 P(D|B) = Probability of scoring 80 or more given a commerce
background ≈ 0.05962 P(D|C) = Probability of scoring 80 or more given neither an engineering
nor a commerce background ≈ 0.03289

Now, let's find P(D), which is the probability of scoring 80 or more in component 1:
P(D) = P(A) * P(D|A) + P(B) * P(D|B) + P(C) * P(D|C) P(D) = (0.60 * 0.02275) + (0.30 * 0.05962) +
(0.10 * 0.03289) P(D) ≈ 0.03699
Finally, we can find P(C|D) using Bayes' theorem:

P(C|D) = (P(D|C) * P(C)) / P(D) P(C|D) = (0.03289 * 0.10) / 0.03699 P(C|D) ≈ 0.08899

As a result, there is a roughly 8.90% chance that a student with a component 1 score of 80 or
higher does not have a background in either engineering or business.

Q6.
 Number of students who scored over 80 in component 1 = 26
 Number of students who scored over 80 in component 1 and are neither from an
engineering background nor a commerce background = 2
 Percentage = (Number of students from step 2 / Number of students from step 1) * 100
  Percentage = (2 / 26) * 100 ≈ 7.69%

Therefore, there is a roughly 8.90% chance that a student with a component 1 score of 80 or
higher has no prior experience in either engineering or business.

Q.8
Hypotheses:
Null Hypothesis (H0): The average score of students with engineering backgrounds is equal to
75 (μ = 75)

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The average score of students with engineering backgrounds is not
equal to 75 (μ ≠ 75)

The sample mean (x) and sample standard deviation (s) of component 1 scores for students with
engineering backgrounds will be computed using the data set. The sample mean will then be
compared to the estimated population mean using a t-test (75)

Let's calculate the sample mean and standard deviation for students with engineering
backgrounds:

Sample Mean (x̄) = (74 + 76 + 78 + ... + 75) / 100 = (7531) / 100 ≈ 75.31 Sample Standard
Deviation (s) = √[(Σ(xi - x̄)²) / (n - 1)] ≈ 3.38

Using these values, we can perform the t-test and find the p-value.

If the p-value is less than the significance level (alpha = 0.05), we will reject the null hypothesis
and come to the conclusion that there is evidence to support the idea that students with
engineering backgrounds score on average lower than 75. Otherwise, if the p-value is higher
than 0.05, the null hypothesis is not rejected.

Q9.

First Sample (Commerce Background):

 Sample Size (n1) = 30
 Sample Mean (x̄1) = 75.8333
 Sample Standard Deviation (s1) = 5.7813
Second Sample (Engineering Background):
 Sample Size (n2) = 30
 Sample Mean (x̄2) = 74.7444
 Sample Standard Deviation (s2) = 3.4416
Hypotheses:
 Null Hypothesis (H0): The population means of component 1 scores for commerce and
engineering backgrounds are equal (μ1 = μ2).
  Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The population mean of component 1 scores for commerce
background is greater than the population mean of component 1 scores for engineering
background (μ1 > μ2).

Assuming equal variances for simplicity, the test statistic for the two-sample t-test is given by:
t = (x̄1 - x̄2) / √[(s1²/n1) + (s2²/n2)]

Calculating the test statistic: t = (75.8333 - 74.7444) / √[(5.7813²/30) + (3.4416²/30)] t ≈ 1.6402

Degrees of Freedom (df) for the t-distribution is calculated using the formula:
df = (s1²/n1 + s2²/n2)² / [((s1²/n1)² / (n1 - 1)) + ((s2²/n2)² / (n2 - 1))]
df ≈ 57.16 (rounded to the nearest integer, df = 57)

With 57 degrees of freedom, we can now find the critical value at 0.05. About 1.67 is the critical
value for a one-tailed test.

We are unable to reject the null hypothesis because the test statistic (1.6402) falls short of the
critical value (1.67). There is insufficient data to draw the conclusion that students with
engineering backgrounds performed better than those with commerce backgrounds on
Component 1.

In conclusion, based on the provided samples, we are unable to conclusively state that students
with backgrounds in commerce outperformed students with backgrounds in engineering at the
5% significance level for component 1.
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