Hanif Srisubaga Alim

02411940000076

1. To construct a 95% confidence interval for the true population mean

from a sample, we can use the formula for the confidence interval
for the population mean (u) when the population standard deviation
(σ) is unknown:

Confidence Interval = X bar + - Z * (S / root of (n))

● Sample mean (xbar) = 56.76 million

● Sample standard deviation (S) = 15.3 million
● Sample size (n) = 100
● Confidence level = 95%
● Critical value (Z) for a 95% confidence interval is approximately 1.96.

Now, plug these values into the formula:

Confidence Interval = 56.76 ± 1.96 * (15.3 / √100)

Confidence Interval = 56.76 ± 1.96 * (15.3 / 10)

Confidence Interval = 56.76 ± 1.96 * 1.53

Calculation

Lower Bound = 56.76 - 1.96 * 1.53 Upper Bound = 56.76 + 1.96 * 1.53

Lower Bound ≈ 56.76 - 3.0048 ≈ 53.7552 million Upper Bound ≈ 56.76 +

3.0048 ≈ 59.7652 million

So, the 95% confidence interval for the true population mean of sales values is approximately 53.76
million to 59.77 million. This means we can be 95% confident that the true population mean falls
within this range.
 2. Critical values for one-tailed tests at different significance levels can
be found using a standard normal distribution (z-distribution)
68% significance (one-tailed):
For a left-tailed test, the critical value is approximately -0.52.
For a right-tailed test, the critical value is approximately 0.52.

90% significance (one-tailed):

For a left-tailed test, the critical value is approximately -1.28.
For a right-tailed test, the critical value is approximately 1.28.

95% significance (one-tailed):

For a left-tailed test, the critical value is approximately -1.64.
For a right-tailed test, the critical value is approximately 1.64.

99% significance (one-tailed):

For a left-tailed test, the critical value is approximately -2.33.
For a right-tailed test, the critical value is approximately 2.33.

its not possible to have a 100% significance level in hypothesis testing. A significance level represents
the probability of making a Type I error (rejecting a true null hypothesis). If the significance level is
set to 100%, we would be saying that we are certain that the null hypothesis is false, and we would
reject it in all cases. A significance level of 100% would be an extreme case and not used in practice.
Typically, significance levels are set at values such as 0.05 (5%)

3. The hypothesis test procedure typically involves the following steps:

a. State the null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (Ha):

Null Hypothesis (H0): The machine prototype can maintain CO gas

emissions below 3000 ppm, u ≤ 3000 ppm.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The machine prototype cannot maintain CO gas emissions below 3000
ppm, u > 3000 ppm (one-tailed test, since we're testing if it's above the standard).

b. Set the significance level (α) at 0.05 (95% confidence level).

c. Collect and summarize the data:

The engineer has collected data on CO gas emissions from 30 engines. The data is as follows:
2913 2710 3106 3251 3004 3060 3107 2998 3087 2988
3105 3055 3008 3017 3205 3188 3408 3211 3011 2997
2989 2897 2907 3010 3057 3102 3001 3156 2956 3024

d. Calculate the sample mean and sample standard deviation:

Sample mean = (Sum of all data) / (Number of data points)
Sample mean ≈ 3045.97 ppm
Sample standard deviation (s) ≈ 142.82 ppm

e. Perform the hypothesis test:

Test Statistic (t) = (xbar - u) / (s / root of (n))
Where u is the hypothesized population mean, xbar is the sample mean, s is the sample standard
deviation, and n is the sample size.
u (population mean) = 3000 ppm
n (sample size) = 30
s (sample standard deviation) ≈ 142.82 ppm
t = (3045.97 - 3000) / (142.82 / root of 30)
t ≈ 3.78

f. Find the critical value for a one-tailed test at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05) using a t-
table or a statistical calculator.
Degrees of freedom (df) = n - 1 = 29.
The critical t-value for α = 0.05 and df = 29 is approximately 1.699.

g. Compare the calculated test statistic (t) with the critical value:
If t > critical value, reject the null hypothesis.
If t ≤ critical value, fail to reject the null hypothesis.
In this case, t (3.78) is greater than the critical value (1.699), so you would reject the null hypothesis.

Draw a conclusion:
Based on the data and the hypothesis test, the engineer should conclude that there is sufficient
evidence to reject the null hypothesis. It suggests that the machine prototype does not maintain CO
gas emissions below the Euro-2 standard of 3000 ppm with 95% confidence. The emissions appear to
be higher than the standard.
The engineer should consider further investigation and possible improvements to the machine
prototype to ensure it meets the emission standard.
4. A) yes there is linearity, it shows correlation between both x and y
factors.