Se =

R2 adjusted = 1 (
-Value: Type of Association 0 No linear assn

R2 =
)=1
0.5 Weak

=1

(1-R2)
0.8 Moderate 1 Strong

Quiz & Test Averages: = 0.2565 Interpret 25.65% of the variation in test average is due to the quiz average & model. Se = 13.1 Interpret: On average, the predicted test average is 13.1 points from the actual test average. R = 0.5065 Interpret: There is a moderate positive linear assn between quiz average & test average. R2 R2 : Conditions for Inferences for Linear ModelQOLINEAcronym: QuantitativeCheck to ensure the 2 variables really are quantitative. It is if it makes sense to average it. OutliersTo determine if a given value is an outlier that needs to be removed, take it out & examine the resulting change in the slope of the model. LinearIs a line or a curve the best model for the data? Create a residual (residuals vs. x) plot. On the x-axis, you can plot X or . On the y-axis, plot the residuals. If the best way to model how x & y relate is a: (1) line, the residual plot will show points randomly scattered above & below 0 with no U-shape (2) curveresidual plot has a U shape. Stat RegressionSimple Linear Select fitted values vs. residuals OR residuals vs. x values IndependentAre the residuals independent? Look at the residual index plot; if there is no pattern, this condition is satisfied. If there is a pattern, it is violated. NormalAre the residuals normally distributed? It is satisfied as long as the residuals are not very skewed. You can look at the histogram of the residuals. If n is small, look at a QQ-plot. If the residuals are normally distributed, the dots will fall along the line. Equal SpreadAre the points equally spread about the regression line? Satisfied if there is no pattern in the residual plotthey are randomly scattered above & below 0. It is violated if the points on the residual plot show a fan pattern (<, >) 3 ways to tell if 2 quantitative vars have a linear assn: (1) T-Test (2) ANOVA (3) CI for the slope B1 Method OneA T-TestExample% Enrolled & Tuition: Simple linear regression results:
Dep. Variable: Tuition Independent Variable: %Enroll Tuition = $16,999.074 + 52.716232 %Enroll Sample size: 59 R (correlation coef.) = 0.1048 R-sq = 0.0109 Estimate of error SD: 5926.138

Parameter estimates: Parameter Slope Estimate Std. Err. Alternative DF 0 0 T-Stat P-Value Intercept 16999.074 2585.9006 52.716232 66.28215 57 6.5737543 <0.0001 57 0.79533076 0.4297

ANOVA table for regression model: Source DF Model Total 1 SS MS F-stat P-value 2.2214634E7 2.2214634E7 0.6325511 0.4297

Error 57 2.00178957E9 3.5119116E7 58 2.02400422E9

(1) H0: B1 = 0 HA: B1 0 (2) = 0.05 (3) Conditions: (1)QuantitativeYes, % enrolled & tuition are both quantitative variables. (2)OutliersYes, we removed 2 outliers. (3)LinearYesthere is no U-shape in the residual index plot. (4)IndependentThe residuals independent because there is no pattern in the residual index plot. (5)NormalYes, the residuals are normally distributed. The histogram is a little bit skewed to the right, but the QQ plot doesnt look bad. (6)Equal SpreadYes, the points are equally spread about the regression line. There is no fan pattern on the residual plot. (4) T =

= -0.218 Interpret T: B1 (=-0.00048) is 0.218

SEs to the left of B1=0. (5) P = 0.8283 Interpret P-Value: Assuming B1=0, there is a 82.83% chance of getting a b1 of at least 0.218 SE from 0 in both directions. (6) 0.8283 P-Value vs.0.05 Fail to Reject H0 (7) There is not strong enough evidence to show that there is a linear association between % enrolled & tuition. Method 2ANOVADiamonds Example: (1) H0: B1 = 0 HA: B1 0 (2) = 0.05 (3) Conditions: (1) QuantitativeYes, % enrolled & tuition really are both quantitative variables. (2) OutliersYes, we removed 2 outliers. (3) LinearYesthere is no U-shape in the residual plot. (4) IndependentThe residuals are indep. because there is no pattern in the residual index plot. (5) NormalYes, the residuals are normally distributed. The histogram is a little bit skewed to the right, but the QQ plot doesnt look bad. (6) Equal SpreadYes, the points are equally spread about the regression line. There is no fan pattern on the residual plot. (4) F = 1,773.72 Interpret F: There is 1,773.72 times as much variation in diamond price (y) due to the size & model as there is due to random error. (6) Find P-Value: P < 0.0001 Interpret P-Value: Assuming B1=0, there is less than a 0.01% chance of getting an F of 1,773.72 or even more. (6) 0.0001 P-Value vs. 0.05 Reject H0 (7) There is strong evidence to show that there is a linear assn between diamond size & price. Method 3A CI for the SlopeB1Diamonds Example: CI = Estimate +/- ME = b1 +/- T* SE of b1 = 3,671.4 +/- (2.014) 87.17 = (3,495.82, 3846.98) T* calculated from table, using a df = to n 2 & a confidence level of 95%. Interpret CI: Im 95% confident the diamond price will between $3,495.82 & $3,846.98 when the size s by 1 carat. Tuition Example: CI = (-0.00049, 0.000397) Interpret CI: There is no linear assn between tuition & % enrolled b/c the interval contains 0. Quiz/Test Average Example: CI = (3.13, 8.12) Interpret CI: Im 95% confident that the y-value (test average) will between 3.13 & 8.12 points when the quiz average is d by 1 point. Confidence & Prediction Intervals: 95% CI for mean: (474.48, 492.94): Im 95% confident that the mean price of all diamonds that are 0.2 carats is between $474.48 & $492.94. Prediction interval for 1 diamond: 95% PI = (419.77, 547.65): Im 95% confident that the price of 1 diamond which is 0.2 carats is between $419.77 & $547.65. = 5.63 CI for b1 = (3.13, 8.12) Im 95% confident the test average will between 3.13 & 8.12 points when the quiz average increases by 1 point. Predict Test Avg if Quiz Avg = 8: = 75.84 95% CI for mean = (72.26, 79.42) Im 95% confident that the mean test avg for all students with a quiz avg of 8 is between 72.26 & 79.42 points. 95% PI = (49.38, 102.30): Im 95% confident that the test average for 1 student with a quiz average of 8 is between 49.38 & 102.3 points. CIs are for the meanGoal is to capture the mean. PIs are for 1 valueGoal is to capture 1 value. 2

(1) Why are the 95% CIs narrower/tighter than the 95% CIs? Individual y values vary much more than the mean y value, which should be close to the middle of the y values. So, to capture 1 individual y value, the PI must be much wider than the CI, which only needs to capture a mean. (2) Why do the CIs & PIs bend? CI: +/- T* (SE of ) SE of = SE We want the SE of to be small. There are 4 components to this: (1) SeWe want this to be smallThe points are tightly clustered among the SLR line. This has nothing to do with the bend. Se is the same no matter which x we choose for our prediction. (2) NWe want N to be largethe more points the better. This has nothing to do with the bend. N is the same no matter which x we choose for our prediction. (3) We want this to be small so that the SE of is small. This is whats causing the bend to occur. Predictions made for x values close to the middle (close to ) will be narrower than predictions for x-values on the edges of the sample. (4) We want this to be large so that the SE of is small. This measures the variety in the x-values. Multiple Linear Regression: More than 1 predictor variable (x) If the # of xs =s 1, then model with a line. If the # of xs =s 2, then model with a plane. If the # of xs =s 3, then model with a cube. The linear in multiple linear regression refers to how x relates to its coefficient. K = # of predictor variables (xs) Demand = Demand for a laundry detergent for a 4 wk. sales period (in 100s of 1,000s of bottles) Price = Price charged for detergent during the 4-week period. AIP = Average Industry PriceHow much their competition is charging, on average. Advertising: How much youre spending on advertising (measured in 100s of 1,000s of $$s) Multiple linear regression results: Dep. Var: Demand (y) Indep. Var(s): Price, Advertising, AIP
Parameter estimates: Variable Estimate SE T stat Intercept 7.5891025 2.44502 3.10390 Price -2.357723 0.63795 -3.69579 Advertising 0.501152 0.12587 3.98138 AIP 1.612214 0.295353 5.45861 P-value 0.0046 0.001 0.0005 <0.0001 ANOVA table for multiple regress. model: Source DF SS MS F-stat P-value Model 3 12.027 4.00892 72.8 <0.0001 Error 26 1.4318 0.05507 Total 29 13.459

Summary of fit: Root MSE: 0.235 R2: 0.8936 Demand = 7.748

Demand = $7.59 $2.36 Price + 0.161 AIP + 0.5 Advertising Predict demand if price = $3.70, AIP = $3.80, & Advertising = 550,000

To find on StatCrunch: Add the values for the 3 vars multiple regressionsave prediction values

b0 = 7.59: Interpret: I predict the demand will be 759,000 bottles if price, AIP, & advertising = $0. Bprice = (2.36): Interpret bprice: I predict demand will 236,000 bottles when price s by $1 & if AIP & advertising are held constant. Predict Demand if price = $4.70, AIP = $3.80 & Advertising = 5.5: Demand = 539,000 BAIP = 1.61: I predict demand will increase 161,000 bottles when AIP increases by $1, if price & advertising are held constant. Badvertising= : I predict demand will 50,000 when advertising s $100,000, & if price & AIP are held constant. Root MSE = se. R measures the strength of a linear model. Multiple regression does not use linesso we do not have R in multiple regression.

Multiple linear regression results: Variable Intercept YrsEm PriorYr Educ Source Model Error Total DF 3 42 45 Estimate 23480.461 671.32545 -73.827338 1925.8824

Dep. Variable: Salary Indep. Vars: YrsEm, PriorYr, Educ Parameter estimates: Std. Err. 2027.6963 143.21248 232.78401 384.43946 Tstat 11.579871 4.6876185 -0.31714953 5.0095856 P-value <0.0001 <0.0001 0.7527 <0.0001 P-value <0.0001

ANOVA table for multiple regression model: SS MS F-stat 4.0317309e9 1.3439103e9 39.959939 1.4125205e9 33631440 5.4442514e9 Root MSE: 5799.26 R2: 0.7405 R2 (adjusted): 0.722

Summary of fit:

Salary = 23,480.46 + 671.33 Years Employed 73.83 Prior Years + 1,925.88 Education BEducation = 1,925.88: We predict salary will by $1,925.88 when education s by 1 year, & if years of employment & prior years are held constant. B0 = 23,480.46: We predict salary will be $23,480.46 when years employed = 0 years, prior years = 0, & education = 0 years. Predict salary if yrs employed = 5, prior yrs of work = 5, & education = 4 Salary = $34,171.48

Assessing the Multiple Regression Model:

RootMSE= Se=0.23466: On avg, each predicted demand is 23,466 bottles from the actual demand. Temco file: RootMSE= Se=5799.26: On avg, each predicted salary is $5,799.26 from actual salary. SSE = e2

R2 =

= %of the variation in Y thats explained by the model.

Source Model Error Total

DF k n-k-1 n-1

SS

MS Ssr / k Sse / n-k-1 -

Temco: R2 = 0.7405: 74.05% of the variation in salary is due to years of employment, prior year experience, education, & the model. Detergent: R2 = 0.8936: 89.36% of the variation in demand is explained by price, AIP, the model, & advertising. If you want to compare models that have different ns or different variables, you cant use r2. R2 AdjustedThis is used to compare models which have different #s of predictor variables (xs) or different sample sizes. So, if adding a new predictor variable improves the model, R2 adjusted will go up. If adding a new predictor variable makes the model worse, R2 adjusted goes down. We dont use R2 for comparison b/c itll when new
predictors are added whether theyre good or bad.

SALARY:

R2 adjusted = 1 (

) (SSE / SST) = 1 ( 46-1/46-3-1) (1.4125 e9 / 5.4443 e9)

R2 adjusted = 0.7224: 72.24% of the variation in salary is due to years of experience, prior years of experience, education, & the model after adjusting for the sample size & the # of predictors. K=2 Source Model Error Total n = 15 DF 2 12 14 SSE = 61.43 SS 61.43 MS 2.26 5.12 SStotal = 325.14

R2 =

= 0.8111

R2 adjusted = 1 ( ) (61.43 / 325.14) = 0.1889

R2 adjusted is always smaller than r2 for the same model.

K=3

n = 15

SSE = 51.192 Source Model Error Total DF 3 11 14

r2 = 0.843 SS 274.87 51.192 326.06

SE = 2.157

r2 = 0.8002 MS 4.654 -

ANOVA tests the overall model to see if any predictor variables are good. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. H0: B1 = B2 = B3 = 0 No predictors are good HA: At least 1 Bi is 0 At least 1 predictor is good = 0.05 F = 72.797 P-value < 0.0001 Reject H0 There is strong evidence to show at least 1 predictor is good at predicting demand.

Once you know at least 1 predictor is good, use t-tests or ci for slopes to tell which 1(s) are good CI Example: Is price a good predictor? CI for BPRICE = BPRICE +/- T* (SE of BPRICE) = -2.36 +/- (2.056) 0.638 = -2.36 +/- 1.31 Df = n k 1 = 26 df @ 95% confidence CI for BPRICE = (-3.67, -1.05) : Good prediction because the CI does not contain 0. T-Test Example: Is AIP a good predictor? H0: BAIP = 0 AIP is a good predictor of demand. Predict Demand for the detergents if: Ha: BAIP 0 P-value < 0.0001 T-Stat bigger = better if both have same p-value

Price = $3.70 AIP = $3.80 Advertising = $550,000

CI = (7.509, 7.986): Im 95% confident the mean demand for all 4-week sale periods where price = $3.70, AIP = $3.80, & advertising = $550,000 is between 750,900 & 798,600 bottles. PI: (7.21, 8.286): Im 95% confident the demand for 1 4-week sale period where price = $3.70, AIP = $3.80, & advertising = $550,000 is between 721,000 & 828,600 bottles. 5

How to Check the Conditions: QuantitativeBoth of the variables are quantitative. OutliersUse cooks d(distance). A row is an outlier if the cooks d value is > a certain amount. To tell where that amount is: Go to the F calculator. In the numerator, put k+1 (4) for detergents. In the denominator, put n k 1. (26 for detergents) Doesnt matter if you use < or >. So use the P ( x blank) = 0.5 The certain amount for our problem = 0.86 Stat GraphsHistogram LinearResidual Plot. StatResidualsGraph Scatterplot No U-shape on any x residual plotcheck xs independently IndependentAre the residuals independent? Look at the residual index plot; if there is no pattern, this condition is satisfied. If there is a pattern, it is violated. NormalAre the residuals normally distributed? It is satisfied as long as the residuals are not very skewed. You can look at the histogram of the residuals. If n is small, look at a QQ-plot. If the residuals are normally distributed, the dots will fall along the line. Equal SpreadAre the points equally spread about the regression line? Satisfied if there is no pattern in the residual plotthey are randomly scattered above & below 0. It is violated if the points on the residual plot show a fan pattern (<, >) X axis = predicted values Y = Incorporating categorical data into a multiple regression model: 0 = Off: Absence of a Quality 1 = On: Presence of a Quality Gender: Male Female Dummy Female: 0 1

You need 1 fewer dummy variable than the different categories youre trying to code. ExampleCoding 4 different departmentsSales, Purchasing, Advertising, & Engineering: Multiple linear regression results: Dependent Variable: Salary Independent Variable(s): YrsEm, Educ, Dummy: Female, Sales, Purchasing, AND Advertising Parameter Intercept YrsEm Educ Dummy Female Dummy Sales Dummy Purchasing Dummy Advertising Source Model Error Total DF 6 39 45 Estimate 26782.217 722.42648 1750.2416 -1935.1944 -8561.053 74.592125 -3327.5391 Parameter estimates: Std. Err. Alternative 1956.6695 0 121.41234 0 314.1732 0 1427.31 0 1806.2896 0 2010.181 0 2068.7432 0 DF 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 T-Stat 13.687655 5.9501899 5.5709449 -1.3558332 -4.7395795 0.037107168 -1.6084834 P-Value <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.183 <0.0001 0.9706 0.1158 P-value <0.0001

Analysis of variance table for multiple regression model: SS MS F-stat 4.5893206e9 7.6488676e8 34.892395 8.5493083e8 21921303 5.4442514e9

^Salary^ = 26,782 + 722 Years of Employment + 1,750 Education 1935 Dummy Female 8,561 Dummy Sales + 74 Dummy Purchasing 3,327 Dummy Advertising Dummy Purchasing = least helpful because it has the largest P-value. Years of Employment = most helpful because it has the largest F-Statistic. 6

B0 = 26,782 Interpret: I predict the salary will be $26,782 when yrs of employment & education = 0, the employee is male, & in the engineering dept. B YearsEmplo = 722 Interpret: I predict the salary will by $722 when years of employment s by 1 year, if all else is held constant. The coefficient in front of a dummy variable compares the on case to the all off case. B dummy female = (1,935) Interpretation: We predict the salary for a female employee will be $1,935 less than that of a male employee if all else is held constant. Predict the salary if years of employment = 5 education = 8, theyre female, & theyre in sales. ^Salary^ = 26,782 + 722 (5) + 1,750 (8) 1,935 (1) 8,561 (1) + 74 (0) 3,327 (0) = $33,896 Predict the salary if years of employment = 5 education = 8, theyre male, & theyre in sales. ^Salary^ = 26,782 + 722 (5) + 1,750 (8) 1,935 (0) 8,561 (1) + 74 (0) 3,327 (0) = $35,831 Difference = $1,935 as it should be B dummy female = (1,935) Interpret: I predict the salary for a female employee will be $1,935 < that of a male employee if all else is held constant. B dummy sales=($8,561) Interpret: I predict the salary for an employee in sales will be $8,561 < an employee in the engineering departmentthe all off caseif all else is held constant. B dummy purchasing = ($74) Interpretation: We predict the salary for an employee in purchasing will be $74 more than an employee in the engineering dept. if all else is held constant. B dummy advertising = ($3,327) Interpretation: We predict the salary for an employee in advertising will be $3,327 < an employee in the engineering dept. if all else is held constant. Detergent Data SetCoding 3 different CampaignsA, B, and C: Multiple linear regression results: Dependent Variable: Demand (y) Independent Variable(s): Price, Avg Industry Price, Advertising, Dummy A, Dummy B Parameter Intercept Price Avg Industry Price Advertising Dummy A Dummy B Source Model Error Total DF 5 24 29 Estimate 9.1549761 -2.7680243 1.6666921 0.49274246 -0.43956212 -0.17006607 Parameter estimates: Std. Err. Alternative 1.5937037 0 0.41443668 0 0.19133194 0 0.080645681 0 0.07033498 0 0.066877659 0 DF 24 24 24 24 24 24 T-Stat 5.7444656 -6.679004 8.7109976 6.1099672 -6.2495521 -2.542943 P-Value <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0179 P-value <0.0001

Analysis of variance table for multiple regression model: SS MS F-stat 12.916568 2.5833135 114.38622 0.54201916 0.022584132 13.458587

^Demand^ = 9.15 2.77 Price + 1.67 AIP + 0.49 Advertising 0.44 Dummy A 0.17 Dummy B B Price = (2.77) Interpretation: We predict the demand will by 277,000 bottles when price s by $1 if all else held constant. B Dummy A = (0.44) Interpretation: We predict the demand for Campaign A will be 44,000 bottles less than Campaign C if all else is held constant. B Dummy B = (0.17) Interpretation: We predict the demand for Campaign B will be 17,000 bottles less than Campaign C if all else is held constant. 7

I.

Predict Demand if Price = $3.70, AIP = $3.80 Advertising = $550,000 & its: Campaign A II. Campaign B III. Campaign C

For Campaign A, on StatCrunch, you would enter the following into the columns of a blank row: 3.7 3.8 5.5 A 1 0 StatCrunch Results: Campaign A Predicted Demand = 7.5172 Camp. B PD =7.7867 Camp. C PD =7.95679
2 years ago, a random sample of 1000 homeowners showed that 435 of them had flower gardens. This year a random sample of a different 1000 homeowners showed 380 of them had flower gardens. Test to see if the proportion of homeowners who have flower gardens this year is different from the proportion last year. Having a flower garden or not is categorical so I will work with proportions. We have 2 samples: 1 from this year & 1 from last year. So, the appropriate test would be for 2 proportions. Ho: pthis year = plast year HA: pthis year plast year A random sample of 18 homes south of Center Street in Corning has a mean selling price of $125,000 & a standard deviation of $2400. A random sample of 20 homes north of Center Street has a mean selling price of $127000 with a standard deviation of $4800. Is the mean home price north of Center Street significantly diff from the mean home price south of Center Street? Home prices are quantitative so work w/ means. We have 2 samples. The sample sizes are diff so they samples must be independent. So use independent means. Ho: south= north HA: south north A fast-food chain wants to evaluate the service at four restaurants. The customer service director for the chain hires six investigators with varied experiences in food-service evaluation to act as raters. The six raters evaluate the service at each of the four restaurants in a random order, rating the restaurant on a scale from 0 (low) to 100 (high). Is there a significant difference in the mean ratings among the four restaurants? The ratings will be quantitative since we are averaging them to find the mean. There are four restaurants. So I have more than 2 means which means I must use ANOVA. Ho: 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 HA: At least 1 i is different A grower claims a certain type of flower seed will produce 60% magenta, 30% chartreuse & 10% ochre flowers. A total of 100 seeds were planted & all germinated yielding 52 magenta, 36 chartreuse & 12 ochre flowers. Do the proportions of flower types produced in this sample match the proportions claimed by the grower? Types of flowers are categorical so we need to work with proportions. There are 3 types & we are trying to see if the proportions match (fit) what was claimed so we need to use a chi-square goodness of fit test. Ho: pmagenta = 0.6, pchartreuse = 0.3, pochre = 0.1 HA: At least 1 pi is diff from H0 Gasoline pumped from a supplier's pipeline is supposed to have an octane rating of 87.5. On 13 consecutive days a sample was taken & analyzed. Is there sufficient evidence to show the mean octane is significantly < 87.5? Octane rating is quantitative so we will work with means. We have 1 sample. So, the test we will do is for 1 mean. Ho: = 87.5 HA: < 87.5 A # of sports enthusiasts have argues that major league baseball players from teams in the Central Division have an unfair advantage over coastal players in the Western & Eastern Divisions. This is because of the impact due to the difference in time is likely to be greater when playing on the road. Players from teams on the coasts could gain or lose up to 3 hours, whereas Central Division players would seldom gain or lose more than 1 hour. A random sample of win/loss percentages of road games were taken from each of the 3 divisions. Is there a significant difference in the mean win/loss percentages for the 3 divisions? They are asking us to test if there is a difference in the MEAN win/loss percentage for 3 divisions. So, we are working with quantitative data & we have 3 groups. Therefore, we need to use ANOVA. Ho: central = western = eastern HA: At least 1 i is diff Many people sleep in on the weekends to make up for late nights during the work week. The Better Sleep Council reports that 61% of us get at least 7 hours of sleep/night on the weekend. A random sample of 350 adults found that 235 had at least 7 hours of sleep each night last weekend. Does this evidence show that the proportion of people who get at least 7 hours of sleep each night during the weekend is 0.61? (that the Council's claim is correct?) Whether or not someone gets at least seven hours of sleep per night is categorical. When you ask the question do you get at least 7 hours of sleep per night? the answers will be yes or no. Another indication is in the problem it says proportion. Were working with 1 sample. So test is 1 proportion. Ho: p= 0.61 HA: p 0.61The Dean of Engineering wants to know if the distrn of engineering majors has changed from what it was when the school 1st opened. Records from the first year show 17% aerospace, 25% civil, 20% electrical, 10% industrial & 28% mechanical. This year there are 70 aerospace, 470 civil, 150 electrical, 350 industrial & 335 mechanical majors. Test the claim that the disbutn of engineering majors has changed from the original %ages. The questions dealing w/ engineering majors. This data is categorical. There are 5 different majors listed. Were testing a claim about a distribution to see if it matches (FITS) the records from the 1st year. So, test chi-square goodness of fit test. Ho: paerospace = 0.17, pcivil = 0.25, pelectrical = 0.20, pindustrial = 0.10, pmechanical = 0.28 HA: At least 1 pi is different from Ho There are 2 techniques for determining diastolic blood pressure: the standard method used by medical personnel & a digital method which uses an electronic device with a digital readout. The diastolic blood pressure is measured using both methods for 45 patients. Is there a significant diff in the mean diastolic blood pressure using the 2 methods. A blood pressure measurement is quantitative. Another clue our datas quantit. is that they ask us to see if there is a diff in the MEAN There are 2 groups, so I need to decide if the data is paired or indep. It says that BOTH methods were tested on 45 patients. So, the data for the standard & digital method can be matched for the SAME patient. Thus, use paired means. Ho: standard = digital HA: standard digital