1.

From
Marx to Mao
2. Socialism, Capitalism, Marxism and
Maoism
Socialism: a reaction to capitalism

• Other types of Socialism Marxism

• (e.g. Fabianism)

• Other types of Marxism Maoism

• (e.g. Frankfurt school)
3. The origin of socialism
• The original meaning of “Utopia” is no place
or good place.

• The word utopia was first used by the

English scholar Thomas More. In his book
Utopia (1516), men and women live
together equally and peacefully in a
communist society, everything is held in
common and education is provided by the
state.
4. Utopianism VS Anarchism

Utopianism Anarchism
Perfect society Society without
government
Equality Liberty

Human can transcend Human is able to self-

seeking self-interest regulate themselves
 According to John Locke, the three basic
rights are granted to us by God, they are
5. right to life, right to liberty and right to
property. And they are inalienable.
Liberalism
VS John Stuart Mill said that we have freedom
to do anything on condition that we don’t
Socialism harm anybody. He was also fighting
equality for woman. He was attracted by
the idea of socialism later as equality is an
essential component of socialism.
6. Main components of socialism

Community

Socialism Fraternity
equality
Common ownership
7. Capitalism

• Capitalism is an economic
system. Private property is
fundamental to capitalism.
Capital is money invested
for the purpose of making
more money. The main
aim of capitalism is to
maximize profit.
 8. Main components
of Capitalism
Private
property
• Capitalism creates job &
capitalism
wealth
companies
Profit motive
competition
 Shareholder model Stakeholder model
The only responsibility A corporation
of a corporation is to needs to take care
maximize the interests of the interests of
9. Shareholder for shareholders all stakeholders,
model VS not just the
shareholders
Stakeholder
model No need to take up any Needs to take up
social responsibility some social
responsibility
10. Competition as a regulator
A person selling a new product at $100 and makes profit

Other people enter the market by selling the same product at a cheaper
price
Number of product increases, supply overtakes demand and the price drops

Inefficient manufacturers lose money and leave the market

Finally, a balance is achieved between supply and demand

11. Arguments for capitalism

Natural right to property Economic benefits

support

Capitalism
12. Criticisms of capitalism

Inequality Questionable Competition is Exploitation and

assumption not good alienation
about human
nature

against against against

Capitalism
 • A major dispute
between capitalism
and socialism lies in
the issue of private
property.
https://youtu.be/YJQSuUZdcV4
• Plato’s Republic: one
country two
systems.

13. Capitalism VS
socialism
14. comparison between capitalism and socialism

Capitalism Socialism
Major means of Privately owned Publicly owned
production

Economy Free market Planned economy

Government Power is limited Strong power

 15. Justification of
right to property
• Locke said that it is a basic right that
is granted to us by God.
• How can we own something that
does not belong to anyone in the
very beginning? Such as a piece of
land.
• Locke said that mixed labor with this
piece of land is legitimate to own it.
• John Rawls said it is based on
agreement of people in the original
position.
 • Marx rejected the idea of private property.
He argued that capitalists exploit the
16. workers through the mechanism of
Objection to capitalism, keep them in slavery.
• The wealth and power are concentrated in
private the hands of the capitalists.
property • What is the solution proposed by Marx to
solve the problem?
17. Marxism

German
philosophy
• Marxism is a system of social and
political theory developed by the
Sources
German philosopher Karl Marx of French
and his close friend Friedrich Marxism politics
Engels in the late 19th c.
• Marxism provided the English
foundation for the communist economics
revolutions in the 20th c.
18. Change the world

• “The philosophers have only

interpreted the world, in various
ways; the point, however, is to
change it.”
•

• Marx
19. Major works of Marx

•1845: The German

Ideology (Engels is co-
writer)
•1848: The Communist
Manifesto (Engels is co-
writer)
•1867: Capital Volume I
•1885: Capital Volume II
•1894: Capital Volume III
 Laws of dialectics
Historical materialism
20. Main Marxism
Class struggle
components of Exploitation
Marxism Alienation
Revolution
21. Laws of dialectics

• Everything develops The first The unity and conflict

dialectically. law of opposites
The The transformation of
second quantity to quality
law
The third The negation of
law negation
22. Historical
materialism
• The economic base (including
production force and mode of
production) determines the
superstructure (including legal
system and political system ) and
the historical development.
23. Class struggle and social development
communist society
production force
capitalist society

feudal society

slavery society

primitive society
 24. Exploitation
• Marx argued that the
properties and the means of
production become
concentrated in the hands of
the few. As workers only have
labor to sell, so the capitalists
can exploit them by paying
them less than the true value
produced by their labor.
•
25. Alienation

Alienated from
Alienated from Alienated from
other people
the product the work
and himself
26. Revolution
• Marx predicted that workers
would start a class revolution and
establish communism that is
classless society, benefit all
people, and no more exploitation.
• In 1848, Marx and Engels
published the Communist
Manifesto.
27. The Communist Manifesto

•The first section: Historical materialism,

class struggle, revolution

•The second section: The nationalization of

all property, graduated income tax, free
education, etc

•The third section: The differences between

communism and other types of socialism
28. Suggestions made by Marx
Minimum wage
Safer and more healthful work
Have been implemented in environment
capitalist countries Graduated income tax
Free education for all children in
public schools
29. Communist countries

•Russia: Lenin (1917-1924), chairman of

the Council of the People’s Commissars

•China: Mao Zedong (1949-1976),

chairman of the Communist Party

•Cuba: Fidel Castro (1961-2011), first

secretary of the Communist Party

•Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh (1945-1969),

chairman of the Communist Party
30. Marxism after Marx

• Marxism

• Orthodox communism Western Marxism

 31. Background of Lenin

• Lenin was born in 1870 in Russia. He

came from a middle-class family.
• He became the leader of the major
fraction within the Russian Social
Democratic Labour Party in 1903.
• The first socialist country was
established in Russia under the
leadership of Lenin In 1922.
32. Theory & Revolution

• “Without Revolutionary theory there

can be no revolutionary movement.”

• Lenin
33. Leninism
• Lenin contributed a lot to
Marxism in his ideas of
capitalistic imperialism and
elite party. 1916 Imperialism the
Highest Stage of
Capitalism

1917 The State and

Revolution
34. Maoism

• Mao modified Marxism-Leninism to fix the reality of China.

• The Marxist-Leninist tradition viewed the peasants only useful in
backing the revolution initiated by the workers.
• But Mao realized that the potential powers of a huge number of
peasants. He argued that peasants can be mobilized if they are properly
guided.
35. Background of Mao

Mao Zedong was born in 1893 In 1945, a civil war broke out
in China, he received good between communists and
education as his father was a nationalists. Finally,
wealthy farmer. communists won the war.

1919 1949

1893 1945

Mao supported the revolution that Mao established the People’s

overturn the monarchy system in Republic of China in 1949.
China. He became one of the
founding members of the Chinese
Communist Party in 1919.
36. Some major works
of Mao
•1926: Analysis of the Classes in
Chinese society
•1927: Report on an Investigation of
the Peasant movement in Hunan
•1937: On Contradiction
•1937: On Practice
•1937: Combat Liberalism
37. Main components of Maoism

The combination of theory and objective Chinese

realities
Maoism The transformation of the laws of dialectics

The Revolutionary Strategy of the United Front

Permanent revolution
 38. The
combination
of theory and • Emphasis on the importance of the
peasants in China revolution and
objective socialist construction.
Chinese
realities • Developed some strategy and tactics
such as “countryside surrounding city”.

• Criticised the book-worshippers.

39. The transformation of the laws of dialectics

• Mao rejected the principle of the negation of negation, interpreted

the transformation of quantity to quality in terms of the unity and
conflict of opposites.

• So according to Mao, the unity and conflict of opposites is the only

one basic law of dialectics and he developed the principle of
“dividing one into two” from it.
40. The Revolutionary Strategy of the United Front

• “Using contradictions, strive to secure the majority, oppose the

minority, and break them up one by one. It is necessary to rally and
to fight . To fight while rallying, and vice versa. We should develop
progressive forces, strive to win over middle-of-the-road forces,
and isolate the die-hard forces.” (Mao, “Highlights of Forum on
Central Committee Work”, p.583)
 41. Three principles

First principle The principle of self-defence: to fight on grounds

Second principle The principle of victory: to fight to our advantage

Third principle The principle of a truce: to fight with restraint

42. Permanent revolution
• In 1965, Mao implemented the
Cultural Revolution
• He sent a lot of workers,
Intellectuals and middle-class
people to rural areas and made
them re-educated through
agriculture labour as Mao believed
that they are being corrupted in big
cities.
 Incident The people The enemy
The War of Those classes The Japanese
Resistance and social groups imperialists, the
43. Examples Against Japan against Japanese
aggression
Chinese traitors

of different
types of The War of
Liberation
Those classes
and social groups
The U.S.
imperialists, the
contradictions opposed the
enemies
landlords , the
KMT
reactionaries

The period of Those classes The social forces

building and social groups and groups
socialism supported the against the
socialist socialist
construction revolution
44. criteria to judge whether it is antagonistic

1 words and actions should help to unite, and not divide, the people of
our various nationalities
2 they should be beneficial, and not harmful, to socialist transformation
and socialist construction
3 they should help to consolidate, and not to undermine or weaken, the
people’s democratic dictatorship
4 they should help to consolidate, and not to undermine or weaken
democratic centralism
5 they should help to strengthen, and not to discard or weaken, the
leadership of the Communist Party
6 they should be beneficial, and not harmful, to international socialist
unity and the unity of the peace-loving people of the world
 Asia and the The followers engaged in
Third World warfare and using the
tactics such as
45. “surrounding the cities”
Influence of
Maoism in Well Attractive to young people
1960s developed
countries
for its seeming purity and
populist nature
46. Criticised Confucianism

• “There is absolutely no such thing in the world as love or hatred without reason or
cause.”

• Mao