COMPUTER NETWORK (503)

UNIT – I BASIC CONCEPTS:

 UNIT IST

Basic Concepts:
 Components of data communication, distributed processing,
 standards and organizations.
 Line configuration,
 topology,
 Transmission mode, and categories of networks.
OSI and TCP/IP Models:
 Layers and their functions,

 comparison of models.

Digital Transmission:
 Interfaces and Modems:

 DTE-DCE Interface,

 Modems, Cable modems.

 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK

A Network is a set of devices(nodes) connected by media, A

node can be a computer, printer or any other devices capable
of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on
the network.
Definition of computer network:- Computer Network means
an interconnected collection of autonomous computer
capable of having inter connection with each other.
Layered Architecture:- Computer Network are generally
organized as a series of layers or levels, each one built upon
the one below, Every layer needs a mechanism for identify
sender and receiver.
Node: It can be any network device(router, printer, camera).
Host: It represents computer stations(interface).
Hub: Network device used to increase the reach ability.
TYPE OF COMPUTER NETWORK/ CATEGORIES OF
COMPUTER NETWORK
Data Communication and Computer Network Generally, networks
are distinguished based on their geographical span. A network
can be as small as distance between your mobile phone and its
Bluetooth headphone and as large as the internet itself, covering
the whole geographical world.
 Personal Area Network
 Local Area Network
 Metropolitan Area Network
 Wide Area Network
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN):
 A Personal Area Network (PAN) is smallest network which is very
personal to a user. This may include Bluetooth enabled devices or
infra-red enabled devices. PAN has connectivity range up to 10
meters. PAN may include wireless computer keyboard and mouse,
Bluetooth enabled headphones, wireless printers, and TV remotes.
2.LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN):
LANs are the most frequently discussed networks, one of the
most common, one of the most original and one of the
simplest types of networks. LANs connect groups of
computers and low-voltage devices together across short
distances (within a building or between a group of two or
three buildings in close proximity to each other) to share
information and resources.
3.METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK(MAN):
These types of networks are larger than LANs but smaller
than WANs – and incorporate elements from both types of
networks. MANs span an entire geographic area (typically
a town or city, but sometimes a campus). Ownership and
maintenance is handled by either a single person or
company (a local council, a large company, etc.).
4.WIDE AREA NETWORK(WAN):
Slightly more complex than a LAN, a WAN connects computers
together across longer physical distances. This allows
computers and low-voltage devices to be remotely connected to
each other over one large network to communicate even when
they’re miles apart.
The Internet is the most basic example of a WAN, connecting all
computers together around the world. Because of a WAN’s vast
reach, it is typically owned and maintained by multiple
administrators or the public.
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
The different components of Data communication are shown in the
following figure.

1. Message:
The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular forms
of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
2. Sender:
The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
3. Receiver:
The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on.
4. Transmission medium:
The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message
travels from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission media
include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio
waves.
5. Protocol:
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It
represents an agreement between the communicating devices.
Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not
communicating, just as a person speaking French cannot be
understood by a person who speaks only Japanese.
DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
 Distributed processing is a setup in which multiple
individual central processing units (CPU) work on the same
programs, functions or systems to provide more capability
for a computer or other device.
 distributed processing refers to local-area networks (LANs)
designed so that a single program can run simultaneously
at various sites.
 Another form of distributed processing involves
distributed databases. This is databases in which the data is
stored across two or more computer systems. The
database system keeps track of where the data is so that the
distributed nature of the database is not apparent to users.
LINE CONFIGURATION
Line configuration refers to the way two or more communication devices
attached to a link .
Line configuration is also referred to as connection. A Link is the physical
communication pathway that transfers data from one device to another.
For communication to occur, two devices must be connected in
same way to the same link at the same time.
There are two possible line configurations.
1. Point-to-Point.
2. Multipoint.
1.POINT-TO-POINT:
A Point to Point Line Configuration Provide dedicated link between
two devices use actual length of wire or cable to connect the two
end including microwave & satellite link.
Point to point network topology is considered to be one of the
easiest and most conventional network topologies. It is also the
simplest to establish and understand. To visualize, one can
consider point to point network topology as two phones
connected end to end for a two way communication
2.MULTIPOINT CONFIGURATION:
Multipoint Configuration also known as Multidrop line configuration one or more
than two specific devices share a single link capacity of the channel is shared.

More than two devices share the Link that is the capacity of the channel is shared
now. With shared capacity, there can be two possibilities in a Multipoint Line
Configuration:
 Spatial Sharing: If several devices can share the link simultaneously, its called
Spatially shared line configuration.
 Temporal (Time) Sharing: All devices are given a time spam in which
they can utilize that single link. At that time other device will not send
their data on link.
TRANSMISSION MODE:
A given transmission on a communications channel between two
machines can occur in several different ways.
The transmission is characterized by:
 the direction of the exchanges
 the transmission mode: the number of bits sent
simultaneously
 synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
Types of Transmission mode
1. Simplex
2. Half Duplex
3. Full Duplex
1.Simplex
A simplex connection is a connection in which the data flows in only one
direction, from the transmitter to the receiver. This type of connection is
useful if the data do not need to flow in both directions (for example, from
your computer to the printer or from the mouse to your computer...).
2.Half Duplex
A half-duplex connection (sometimes called an alternating
connection or semi-duplex) is a connection in which the data flows in one
direction or the other, but not both at the same time. With this type of
connection, each end of the connection transmits in turn. This type of
connection makes it possible to have bidirectional communications using
the full capacity of the line.
3.Full Duplex
A full-duplex connection is a connection in which the data flow in both
directions simultaneously. Each end of the line can thus transmit and
receive at the same time, which means that the bandwidth is divided in
two for each direction of data transmission if the same transmission
medium is used for both directions of transmission.
 TOPOLOGIES
Network topologies refers to the way in which
a network is laid out physically. The topology
of network is the geometric representation of
the relationship for all the links and linking
devices (usually called nodes) to one another.

Type of topologies:
1) Bus Topology
2) Star Topology
3) Ring Topology
4) Mesh Topology
5) Tree Topology
6) Hybrid Topology
TYPE OF TOPOLOGIES
1. Bus Topology: Bus topology use the single
communication line called backbone which is shared
by all the nodes or computers to communicate. It is
used for smaller networks mainly and is one of the
most simplest and reliable ways to communicate.

Node

(Cable end)
1. BUS TOPOLOGY:
 Advantages:
 Suitable for smaller networks.
 Easy to implement.
 Even if one node breaks down, network does not get
hampered.
 Disadvantages:
 Cable fail then whole network will be fail.
 Within a given cable length, limited number of nodes can
be added.
 Data transfer rate gets slow down if more nodes are
added.
 Only one data packet can be transferred at a particular
moment.
2. STAR TOPOLOGY
In star topology, every node is connected to central hub or
switch. The switch is the server and the peripherals are
the clients. Data from the source is first delivered to the
hub and then transferred to the transferred to the other
nodes.

HU
B
2. STAR TOPOLOGY
Advantages:
 Easy to install and implement.

 Give better performance as message does not pass

through various nodes unlike bus topology.
 Faulty nodes can be easily removed without affecting
the other nodes in the loop.
Disadvantages:
 If the central hub fails then the whole network is
break.
 Data transfer rate depends on capacity of the central
hub.
 Cost of installation is high.
3.RING TOPOLOGY
 Ring topology is a networks topology in which the
nodes or the computers are connected in a closed loop.
It is called as circular topology. A signal is passed along
the ring in one direction, until it reaches its destination.

Server(sender)

Ring topology

NODE
3.RING TOPOLOGY
 Advantages:
 Ring topology is easy to install.

 Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic.

 A signal travels around the circle in a clockwise

direction.
 Disadvantages:

 If one node is break then the whole network gets

down.
 It becomes difficult to add/remove nodes.
 InTOPOLOGY
4.MESH mash topology all devices are cross-connected to communicate
each other. There are two type of mesh topology:
 Full mesh topology:- Each and every nodes or devices are
connected to other.
 Partial mesh topology:- In this topology some of the systems are
connected same function as mesh topology but some devices are
only connected to two or three devices
4.MESH TOPOLOGY

 Advantages:
 When one node fails, others continue to work without
disruption.
 We can send data from one node to many nodes

 Each connection can carry its own data load.

 Disadvantages:

 It is quite expensive since a bulk wiring is required.

 Installation and configuration can be a very difficult

task.
5.TREE TOPOLOGY
 Tree topology is the combination of bus and star topology.
 In this data flow from top to bottom i.e from the central hub to
secondary and then to the devices or from bottom to top i.e.
devices to secondary hub and then to the central hub.
5.TREE TOPOLOGY
 Advantages:
 It is most suitable for large networks where ring and
star topologies are not efficient.
 It divides the network in sub-parts, so it becomes
more manageable.
 Disadvantages:

 If the central hub gets fails the entire system fails.

 The cost is high because of cabling.

6.HYBRID TOPOLOGY
A network structure whose design contains more than
one topology is said to be hybrid topology. Hybrid
topology inherits merits and demerits of all the
incorporating topologies.
6.HYBRID TOPOLOGY
 Advantages:
 Hybrid network can be designed according to the
requirements of the organization.
 Special care can be given to nodes where traffic is
high as well as where chances of fault are high.
Disadvantages:
 One of the biggest drawback of hybrid topology is its
design. Its not easy to design this type of architecture
and its a tough job for designers.
 As hybrid architecture are usually larger in scale, they
require a lot of cables, cooling systems.
COMPUTER NETWORK MODEL

OSI and TCP/IP Models

OSI MODEL
Open System Interconnect is an open standard for all
communication systems. OSI model is established by
International Standard Organization (ISO).
 An open system is a model that allow any two different
systems(devices) to communication regardless of their
underlying architecture.
 The purpose of the OSI model is to open communication
between different systems without requiring changes to
the logic of the underlying hardware and software.
 It is a model of understanding and designing a network
architecture which is flexible.
 OSI MODEL LAYERS
Application layer
Message format, file transfer

Presentation Layer
Encryption and decryption
Host layers Session
Authentication, Permission
Transport
End-to-End connection, flow control
Network
Path determination, routing
Data link
Media Error detection
layers
(Hardware Physical
Layers) Media, signal, binary transmission
 Sender Receiver

S/W
Layer S/W
Layer

H/W H/W
Layer Layer
OSI MODEL LAYERS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
 Application Layer: This layer is responsible for providing interface to the
application user. This layer encompasses protocols which directly interact with
the user.
 Presentation Layer: This layer defines how data in the native format of remote
host should be presented in the native format of host.
 Session Layer: This layer maintains sessions between remote hosts. For
example, once user/password authentication is done, the remote host maintains
this session for a while and does not ask for authentication again in that time
span.
 Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery between
hosts.
 Network Layer: This layer is responsible for address assignment and uniquely
addressing hosts in a network.
 Data Link Layer: This layer is responsible for reading and writing data from and
onto the line. Link errors are detected at this layer.
 Physical Layer: This layer defines the hardware, cabling, wiring, power output,
pulse rate etc.

NOTE: For sender application layer is first and for receiver

physical layer is first.
TCP/IP MODEL
 Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite, also known as
Internet suite. This defines Internet Model which
contains four layered architecture. OSI Model is
general communication model but Internet Model is
what the internet uses for all its communication. The
internet is independent of its underlying network
architecture so is its Model. This model has the
following layers:
LAYERS OF TCP/IP MODEL

/Internet/Internal

/Link
Layer
TCP/IP MODEL LAYERS AND FUNCTIONS
 Application Layer: This layer defines the protocol which
enables user to interact with the network. For example, FTP,
HTTP etc.
 Transport Layer: This layer defines how data should flow
between hosts. Major protocol at this layer is Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP). This layer ensures data delivered
between hosts is in-order and is responsible for end- to-end
delivery.
 Internet Layer: Internet Protocol (IP) works on this layer. This
layer facilitates host addressing and recognition. This layer
defines routing.
 Link Layer: This layer provides mechanism of sending and
receiving actual data. Unlike its OSI Model counterpart, this
layer is independent of underlying network architecture and
hardware.
HOW THE WEB WORKS
WHEN YOU TYPE A WEB ADDRESS INTO YOUR BROWSER
 The browser goes to the DNS(Domain Name Servers) server,
and finds the real address of the server that the website lives
on (you find the address of the shop).
 The browser sends an HTTP request message to the server,
asking it to send a copy of the website to the client (you go to
the shop and order your goods). This message, and all other
data sent between the client and the server, is sent across
your internet connection using TCP/IP.
 If the server approves the client's request, which means "Of
course you can look at that website! Here it is", and then
starts sending the website's files to the browser as a series of
small chunks called data packets (the shop gives you your
goods, and you bring them back to your house).
 The browser assembles the small chunks into a complete
web page and displays it to you (the goods arrive at your
door — new shiny stuff, awesome!).
DNS(DOMAIN NAME SERVER)

 This is called an IP address, and it represents a

unique location on the web. However, it's not very
easy to remember, is it? That's why Domain Name
Servers were invented. These are special servers that
match up a web address you type into your browser
(like "mozilla.org") to the website's real (IP) address.
 Websites can be reached directly via their IP
addresses. You can find the IP address of a website by
typing its domain into a tool like
 COMPARISON OF MODELS
OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol)

In OSI model the transport layer 2. In TCP/IP model the transport layer
guarantees the delivery of packets. does not guarantees delivery of packets.
Still the TCP/IP model is more reliable.

OSI model has a separate Presentation 4. TCP/IP does not have a separate
layer and Session layer. Presentation layer or Session layer.

The OSI has seven layers TCP/IP has four layers.

In OSI, the model was developed first In the TCP/IP suite, the protocols were
and then the protocols in each layer developed first and then the model was
were developed developed.

OSI model gives guidelines on how TCP/IP protocols layout standards on

communication needs to be done which the Internet was developed. So,
TCP/IP is a more practical model.
HOW BINARY DATA CAN TRANSMIT
 ThIsection define how binary data is transmitted
between two computers. The binary data in the form of
1s and 0s can be sent in two different modes:

Binary Data transmission

Parallel Serial

Synchronous Asynchronous
1. PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
 All the bits of data are transmitted simultaneously on separate
communication lines.
 In order to transmit n bits, n wires or lines are used. Thus each bit
has its own line.
 Parallel transmission is used for short distance communication.
Advantages: Faster form of transmission, i.e. able to send multiple
bits simultaneously.
Disadvantage: It is costly method of data transmission as it required
n lines to transmit n bits at the same time.
 In serial transmission the various bits of data are
TRANSMISSION
2. SERIAL

transmitted serially one after the other.

 It required only one communication line rather than n
lines to transmit data from sender to receiver.
Advantage: Use of single communication line reduces the
transmission line cost by the factor of n as compared to
parallel transmission.
Disadvantage: This method is slower as compared to parallel
transmission as bits are transmitted serially one after the other
I. Asynchronous Transmission: It sends only one
character at a time where a character is either a letter
of the alphabet or number or control character, it
sends one byte of data at a time.
 Asynchronous transmission between two devices is
made possible using start bit and stop bit.
 Start bit usually 0 is added to the beginning of each
byte(alerts the receiver to the arrival of new group of
bit).
 Stop bit usually 1 is added to the end of each(to let
the receiver know that byte is finished).
II. SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
 It does not use start and stop bit.
 They can contain multiple bytes.

 There is no gap between the various bytes in the data

steam.
 Since the various bytes are placed on the link without
any gap, it is the responsibility of receiver to separate
the bit stream into bytes.
MODEMS(PROVIDE PATH FOR COMMUNICATION)
 Modems are used for data transfer from one computer network to
another computer network through telephone lines. The computer
network works in digital mode, while analog technology is used for
carrying massages across phone lines.

DTE-DCE Interface, Modems:

DTE(Data Terminal Equipment):

 It is an end equipment that convert user information into signals or
reconvert the received signals.
 DTE is the device where communication lines end.

DCE (Data Circuit Terminal):

 It is the equipment that sits between DTE & data transmission.

 DCE is usually a modem/ Routers.

 Provide path for communication.

DTE-DCE INTERFACE, MODEMS
CABLE MODEMS
 A cable modem router is a device that not only acts as an
access point for cable Internet access, but also doubles as a
network router. The network router built into the cable modem
allows more than one computer to share Internet access by
directing traffic to two or more computers in a single location,
such as a home or office building.
 A cable modem is a hardware device that allows your computer
to communicate with an Internet service provider over a
landline connection. It converts an analog signal to a digital
signal for the purpose of granting access to broadband Internet.
 There are two basic types of cable modem routers: wired and
wireless. A wired model will require all computers that need
Internet access to be physically connected to the device via
Ethernet cabling. A wireless model can communicate to all
computers using radio waves, negating the need for cables.