Ass.

Professor:Khaled Abomonasser
Anatomy of the temporal bone
The temporal bone divided into four parts:
1) Squamous
2) Mastoid
3) Petrous
4) Tympanic
TYMPANIC PORTION
External Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
 Anatomy of the Ear
The Ear composed of three portion:
External Ear
Middle Ear Cleft
Inner Ear
I. EXTERNAL EAR
1. Auricle (Pinna)
2. External Auditory Meatus
II. MIDDLE EAR CLEFT
1. Eustachian Tube
2. Tympanic cavity
3. Mastoid antrum
4. Mastoid air cells
III. INNER EAR
1. Outer Bony
2. Inner Membranous
 I. Anatomy of External Ear
1. Anatomy of the Auricle
 2. Anatomy of the external auditory meatus

Consists of 2 parts:
Cartilaginous portion is
the outer one-third
Bony portion is the
inner two-third.
Relations of the external auditory meatus
 Relations of the External Auditory Meatus
1. Anterior Temporomandibular joint
Parotid gland
Preauricular lymph node

2. Posteriorly Mastail air cells

3. Superiorly Middle cranial fossa

4. Inferior Parotid gland

(infront and below) Digastric muscle
Facial nerve
Styloid process

5. Medial Middle ear

6. Lateral Outside world

3. Anatomy of the Tympanic Membrane
(Ear drum)
 The Tympanic membrane consists of:

1. An outer epithelial layer (skin) Inner (circular)

2. A middle fibrous layer Outer (Radial)
3. An inner “mucosal layer” The Handle of the Malleus
II. Anatomy of the middle ear cleft
Consists of:
1. Eustachian tube
2. Middle ear cavity
“Tympanic cavity”
3. Mastoid antrum
4. Mastoid ear cells
1. Anatomy of Eustachian tube
or “ Pharyngotympanic Tube, Auditory Tube”
Consists of two parts:
a. The posterior or
“lateral” one-third is
bony 12mm
b. The anterior or
“medial” two-third is
cartialaginous 24mm
2. Anatomy of Tympanic cavity (middle
ear cavity)
Tympanic cavity has six walls
1. Lateral
2. Medial
3. Inferior
4. Superior
5. Posterior
6. Anterior
The middle ear cavity
can be divided into
three spaces:
1. Epitympanum or
“attic”
2. Tympanum or
mesotympanum
3. Hypotympanum
1. The Lateral wall contains:
a) Tympanic membrane
b) Malleus
c) Incus
d) Chorda Tympani
2. The medial wall contains:
a. Promontory
b. Oval Window
c. Round window
d. Facial canal
e. The Lateral semicircular canal
f. Cochleariform process
g. Sinus Tympani
3. The Inferior wall or “The Floor”
4. The Superior wall or “the Roof
5. The Posterior wall contains:
a. Additus and Antrum
b. The pyramid and stapedius tendon
c. Vertical canal of the Facial nerve
6. The Anterior Wall contains:
a. Tympanic opening of the Eustachian tube
b. Canal of tensor tympani muscle
c. Carotid canal
Contents of the middle Ear are:
1. Air
2. Three ossicles
3. Two nerves
4. Two muscles
5. Mucous membrane
6. Ligaments of ossicles
 3. Anatomy of The Mastoid antrum
1. Anterior wall - communicates with the attic and
middle ear by the aditus.
2. Madial wall – is related to the vestibular labyrinth.
3. Supperior wall (Roof) – formed of bony plate –
tegman antri.
4. Posterior wall – Mastoid air cells, segmoid sinus.
4. Anatomy of The mastoid air cells
 III. Anatomy of the Inner ear
“labyrinth”

Consists of two parts:

1. The outer part - the bony labyrinth
2. The inner part - the membranous labyrinth
 Bony Labyrinth
Each Labyrinth subdivided in to 3 Parts:
 Membranous labyrinth
I. Vestibular which consists of II. Ductus Cochlearis
Contains the organ of
a. The three membranous corti
semicircular ducts

b. The utricl and saccule

Macula

Crista ampularis
Anatomy of the Cochlea
Anatomy of the Cochlea
Scala Vestibuli

Scala media

Scala Tympani
Organ of Corti
The clinical physiology of the Auditory
Apparatus
(Function of the organ of Hearing)
Mechanism of Hearing
1. By Air
conduction
(AC)
2. By Bone
conduction
(BC)
Function of the external ear
a. Function of the Auricle
1. Collects sound waves from the Ambient
2. Localisation of Sound Sources

b. Function of the external Auditory Canal

1. Conduction of the sound waves to the Drum.
2. Protection function
c. Function of the middle ear:
1. Conduction of sound wave
2. Magnification of sound
a) Surface ratio
b) Ossicular Lever ratio
3. Protection
PERIPHRAL PART OF THE AUDITORY APPARATUS
PERFORME TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS

1. Sound conduction : Transmission of sound energy

to the receptors
2. Reception of sound: Transformation of physical
energy of sound vibration in to nerve impulses.
Function of the Eustachian Tube
1. To equilibrate air pressure in the middle ear with
that of the external environment
2. To drain middle ear secretions into the nasopharynx
3. Aeration of the middle ear cleft
4. To protect the middle ear from potentially
infectious nasopharyngeal secretions
Traveling wave theory & Tonotopy