Welcome To Our Presentation

Biological Monitoring of Aquaculture

practice
 Biological Monitoring of
Aquaculture practice
Presented To: Presented By:
Dr. A. F. M. Hasanuzzaman ID: MS-220607
Professor MS-220615
FMRT Discipline magna
MS-220622
Khulna University FMRT Discipline
Khulna Khulna University
Khulna
 Goal

To gather knowledge about –

 The bio indicators
 Biological monitoring of aquatic system and It’s
practice in aquaculture
 After reviewing this term paper one can understand
the relationship between aquaculture and
environment.
 Justification

 we have to pay attention on this type of pollution which

causes substantial losses in aquaculture and
environmental degradation.
 This review paper can mitigate our knowledge gap of
assessing impact of aquaculture by using biological
indicator from environment to ensure the sustainability
of aquaculture.
 Methods used in the environmental monitoring of
aquaculture

• Hydrographic analysis and other assessments.

• Chemical analysis.
• Benthic faunal analyses.

All these methods were used in those review paper to identify the
biological indicator and environmental monitoring of aquaculture.
 Materials used for this review paper are outlined as below: -

 International journal

 Review paper

 Websites & blogs

Methods/ techniques/tools/ approaches used in the articles

Physicochemical surveys were conducted in 2005-2006 where water velocity,

temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ
according to standard methods.
 Methods/ techniques/tools/ approaches used in the articles

Inorganic nutrient analysis:

 Sample were collected using clean polyethylene containers, chilled to 1-4 C in the
dark and transported to the laboratory within 24 hours.

 In the laboratory, water samples were filtered through pre-rinsed 0.45 pm cellulose
acetate filters.

Epilithic diatoms diversity and abundance determination:

Epilithic diatoms were sampled in February, 2006.

 Methods/ techniques/tools/ approaches used in the articles

Aquatic macrophytes determination

 Aquatic macrophytes were sampled in June-July, 2006.

 An area of about 100 m was selected at each sampling site, and coverage percentage
was estimated for each taxon and for the whole community.

 In addition, macrophyte samples were collected, chilled to 1-4° C in the dark, and
transported to the laboratory for better taxonomic identification to species level.
 Results and Discussion

 Four sampling sites were selected over the study area: one site (S-1) placed upstream from the trout farm was
used as a reference station, sampling sites S-2, S-3 and S-4 were set respectively, about 10. 100 and 1000 m
downriver of the trout farm outlet.

 Although some macrophyte species (Apium nodiflorum, Groenlandia densa) were either absent or fewer
downstream of the farm because of higher concentration of pollution. One the other hand abundance and diversity
for the aquatic macrophyte community as a whole increased because of higher enrichment of nutrients near the
farm released from trout farms. In contrast, epilithic diatoms were completely absent at S-2, and some species
(Diploneis parma. Fragilaria ulna) were also absent at S-3 and S-4 because of higher concentration of pollutants
near the farms Indeed, diatom diversity (number of species) was lower at S-3 and S-4 than at S-1 However,
diatom abundance (cells/cm) was higher at S-3 and S-4 than at S-1 because of higher inputs of wastage from the
 Results and Discussion

 Biological indices for diatoms indicated a better water quality at S-1 than at S-3 and S-4,
with a clear tendency to improve with distance from the fish farm. In contrast, biological
indices of macrophytes indicated a similar water quality at S-1. S-3 and S4, but with bad
water quality at S2. The review paper summarizes that epilithic diatoms may be more
useful than aquatic macrophytes for biological monitoring of fish farm pollution in
fluvial ecosystems.
In this paper they divided sampling site locations on the upper Tajuna River
(Guadalajara, Central Spain)
 Recommendations

They only examined the ecological responses of epilithic diatoms

and aquatic macrophytes to organic pollution and nutrient
enrichment caused by a trout farm effluent in the upper Tajuna
River (Guadalajara, Spain) but another factor including historical
and seasonal may be relevant to understanding the distribution,
abundance and diversity of primary producers in running waters,
further studies on long-term seasonal changes are needed to
improve the use of macrophyte and diatom indices in assessing fish
farm pollution.
 Knowledge gap:

 For determination of ecological responses, they consider only one factor like
pollution but historical and seasonal factors may be relevant to understanding the
distribution, abundance and diversity of primary producers in running waters, and
this phenomenon is not well studied here
 For biological monitoring of aquaculture, they emphasized more on physical and
chemical method but they pay only little attention on biological method.
 Materials and methods

Materials used for this review paper are outlined as below:

-
 International journal
 Review paper
 Websites & blogs
 Methods/ techniques/tools/ approaches
used in the articles

Using of bio indicators for the assessment of the impact of organic

pollution in a very common monitoring technique. Including those
biotic indicators physiology and immunology bio indicators,
indicators species and biological pollution indices e.g., based on
indicator species, on trophic strategies on the structural heterogeneity,
or those incorporating Biomass (Casalduero, 2001).
 Results and Discussion

Bioindicators
A bioindicator is a living thing or a collection of living things that
is permitted to characterize the condition of an environment using
biochemical, cytological, physiological, ethological, or ecological
factors. Originally, the word "pollution indicator" was defined as
any assessments of bodily fluids, cells, tissues, or other biological
variables that reveal the existence and intensity of stress brought
on by environmental changes
 Results and Discussion

Types of bioindicators

According to composition bioindicators can be classified in two catagories such as: -

 One species

 Group species

An efficient bioindicator should hold the following characteristic as below (Giménez

Casalduero, 2001): -

 It shouldn't require highly specialized work or challenging computations.

 It is basic to be able to detect states of slight contamination, when the situation is even
repairable.
 Results and Discussion

An efficient bioindicator should hold the following characteristic as below……

It is necessary to recognize and specify different types of contamination.

 It ought to be independent of reference states. It must be independent of earlier research from

neither control regions nor the impacted areas.

 It should be an efficient administration and planning tool in a widest possible scope.

 It must cover a broad ecological range to be useful in any environment, community, or

ecosystem, regardless of the season. It ought to be unaffected by changes in the general
population.
 Results and Discussion

Environmental impact of aquaculture activities on the marine communities

A disturbance that alters the population's density, size, frequency, or behavior of certain members of an
assemblage of plants and/or animals is what is generally meant by an environmental effect. Animal
excrement and uneaten food are the principal sources of particulate and dissolved nutrients that are
harmful to marine life. The water column incorporates soluble trash. The insoluble elements have the
ability to mix with the sediment. In the worst-case scenario, this dissolved nutrient enrichment can result
in eutrophication. Pollution alters the richness of a community's composition. The most delicate species
vanish. The number of species gradually declines as pollution levels rise, simplifying the community
structure. Finally, very few species are still around (Giménez Casalduero, 2001).
 Results and Discussion

Physiological and immunological bio-indicators

Although it is generally known that several environmental factors (such as temperature, oxygen content, etc.) have a
significant impact on the physiology and immune systems of wild and farmed fish and shellfish, the impact induced
by pollution is complex and little understood. Each dissolved constituent has different impacts on health and
physiological circumstances according on the species, size, age, and history of exposure. Both cellular and humoral
immune responses have been shown to be affected by exposure to contaminants (Giménez Casalduero, 2001).
The immune response due to environmental stress induces the next physiological changes. Increases in catecolamine
concentration, which speeds up immune-suppression mechanisms by activating molecules and cells that inhibit the
immune response, corticoid concentration in blood, which inhibits antigens, and encephalin synthesis, which inhibits
the immune response, are the three main factors (Giménez Casalduero, 2001).Corticoid, catecolamine, or encephalin
levels can all be used as indications of pollution
 Results and Discussion

Indicators species
It will be possible to employ certain species as bioindicators to characterize the structure and space-
temporal dynamics of biocenoses. They are the species or species groups that provide proof of a certain
environmental element. Many different species have been used such as pollution indicators: benthic
algae, annelids, crustaceans, amphipods and other taxa but, the more used organisms are polychaeta
and gastropods species.
The species that are regarded as pollution indicators may predominate because they are directly favored
for the growth of organic compounds because they use nutrients as a resource and because some
species may exhibit greater resistance to the effects of pollution than rival species or potential
predators(Giménez Casalduero, 2001).
 Results and Discussion

Biological pollution indices

The main advantages of biotic indices are that they are based on what is known about the
responses of a range of different taxa to habitat changes or pollution. There are many
different kinds of indices which can be classified depending of the variables used such as: -
 Indices based on indicator species
 Indices based on trophic strategies
 Indices based on the structural heterogeneity
 Recommendation

 He recommended identifying more bio-indicators that possess all the requirements

to be considered such as an effective tool.
 In this paper he recommended to more studies on taxonomy of bio-indicator family.
 Also recommended to introduce high technical specialization for Polychaeta. And
they recommended for more case studies to establish the validity of these more
cost-effective approaches in biological monitoring.
 Materials and methods

Materials used for this review paper are outlined as below:

-
 International journal
 Review paper
 Websites & blogs
 Methods/ Techniques/Tools/ Approaches
Used in the Articles:

The following approaches were followed to conduct Biological

monitoring of aquatic ecosystems in Italy (Baudo, 2001):
They first addressed the community composition including
1. Number of species,
2. Relative abundance,
3. Indicators species richness, diversity and evenness, or biotic indexes.
 Methods/ Techniques/Tools/ Approaches
Used in the Articles:

The second approach is....

 Use of the so called "Bioindicators", that is organisms that pick up the toxicants from their
environment in different ways.
More precisely, they studied;
 Bioconcentration from water (the most known examples are metals in mosses and lichens)
 Bioaccumulation from water, air, soil, food (as in the "Mussel watch, which measures the
pollutant concentrations in molluscs);
 Biomagnification through the food web (such as the accumulation of Hg in pikes, or DDT in fish
eating birds).
 Methods/ Techniques/Tools/ Approaches
Used in the Articles:

The third approach is ecotoxicological approach. It is based on the detection of

 Specific biochemical indicators (Le.. cytochrome P450)
 Monooxygenase induction.
 Indicating an exposure to organic pollutants,
 Inhibition of erythrocyte delta aminolevulinic acid dehydrase,
 Non-specific biochemical indicators (endocrine responses resulting from alterations of release of
catecholamine's and corticosteroid hormones: reproductive responses after alterations of reproductive steroid
hormones)
 Molecular responses (gene expression, DNA adduct formation, DNA strand breakage, due to carcinogenic and
genotoxic compounds).
 Results and Discussion

Biological Monitoring of Aquatic System

Ecotoxicological theories, methods, and approaches can be used both before and after a
pollution incident.
 Before, to predict the potential negative environmental impacts brought on by the
introduction of a single chemical (i.e., the marketing of new products) or a combination
of chemicals, at least some of which may be hazardous (i.e., waste waters and industrial
effluents). In this situation, a variety of tests may be used to assess the putative toxicants'
toxicity (Baudo, 2001).
 Results and Discussion

Biological Monitoring of Aquatic System…

 After, to evaluate the unintended effects that have been or are being released into the
environment as a result of the introduction of a single chemical or a combination of
chemicals, some of which may be toxic, while taking into account the physical,
chemical, and biological interactions with the various abiotic elements of the
environment. As a result, the ecotoxicological approach used here primarily depends
on biomonitoring and the identification and evaluation of toxicity (TIE) (Baudo, 2001).
 Results and Discussion

Biological monitoring indicates three different approaches which are as follows (Baudo, 2001):-
 The examination of the biology of the exposed creatures with the goal of finding any
negative consequences that might point to exposure to environmentally harmful chemical
concentrations.
 The comparison of concentrations in certain fluids or tissues to reference limits (which
should not be exceeded to prevent negative consequences).
 Measuring biological indicators (biomarkers) that are connected to exposure to harmful
compounds
 Results and Discussion

Some of the ecotoxicological methods have been found a place in Italy with the Legislative
Decree n. 152 (May 11, 1999)
 This decree aims to comply with Directives 91/676/CEE (Protection of Waters Against
Pollution Caused by Nitrates from Agricultural Sources) and 91/271/CEE (Urban
Waste-Water Treatment) in reality goes beyond and actually anticipates the content of
the Framework Directive on Water, still under way of elaboration (Baudo, 2001).
For all surface waters, the ecological, chemical, and environmental status be assessed.
 Results and Discussion

The Ecological & the Chemical Status for Bioindicator Monitoring

 The Ecological status is described by: the basic physical and chemical parameters related to the
oxygen balance and trophic state; the Extended Biotic Index (for running waters); some
biological assessment.
 The Chemical status depends on the presence of micropollutants or dangerous chemicals. Their
threshold levels are calculated from the LC50 or EC50 values, measured for 3 trophic levels.
 The Environmental status (describing the "departure from a reference water body") will then be
estimated by combining the previous two indicators (Baudo, 2001).
 Results and Discussion

For surface waters, the Environmental status ranks from High to Foul in the following way (Baudo, 2001).
 High - No or minimal chemical/physical alterations
 Good - Biological quality only slightly different from a reference ecotype
 Sufficient - Biological quality moderately different from a reference ecotype; micropollutants
concentrations producing no short- and long-term effect.
 Poor - Biological quality noticeably different from a reference ecotype; micropollutants concentrations
producing medium- and long-term effect
 Foul - Severe departure of biological quality from a reference ecotype; producing severe short- and long-
term effect.
 Results and Discussion

For coastal seawaters the decree foresees a more complex monitoring, starting with the measurements (Baudo, 2001):
 On water, of several basic parameters (11 physicochemical parameters + enterococcus + chlorophyll);
 On sediments, of grain size, PAHs, bioaccumulable heavy metals, organic C, PCBs and pesticides, biological tests
on different taxonomic groups;
 On biota, of metal and organic pollutant (PAHs, PCBs and pesticides) bioaccumulation in bivalves Mytilidae
(Mytilus galloprovincialis) or Ostreoidea (Ostrea edulis, Crassostrea gigas). If these species are unavailable,
Telloidea (Donax trunculus) and Veroidea (Tapes decussata, Tapes philippinarum) should be preferred.
Furthermore, additional investigation should be done on special biocoenoses (aquatic plants, corals, …), as well as
short- and long-term tests, with different taxonomic groups (preference being given to autochthonous species and
standardized protocols).
 Results and Discussion

Therefore, the coastal seawater classification will be based on the Trophic Index (chlorophyll-a, dissolved
oxygen, total phosphorus, nitrogen), and on the Environmental quality status, thus defined.
 High - fair transparency, no abnormal colours, no benthic oxygen under saturation.
 Good - occasional turbidity, occasional abnormal colours, occasional benthic oxygen under saturation.
 Poor - poor transparency, abnormal colours, occasional benthic oxygen under saturation or hypoxia,
suffering benthic ecosystem.
 Shoddy - high turbidity, diffuse and persistent abnormal colours, diffuse and persistent benthic oxygen
hypoxia/hypoxia, benthos kills, alteration/simplification the benthic communities, economic damage to
tourism fisheries and aquaculture.
 Recommendation

 Spread out of biological monitoring system all over the

Italy as well as whole world in the coming years.
 In his paper authors suggested to do perform more tests
for all effluents when we are supposed to through them
in the environment