THEORIES RELATED TO

THE LEARNERS DEVELOPMENT

FRUED 3 COMPONENTS OF
PERSONALITY
Personality is a total function of an individual
Frued’s Model of Personality Structure
ID
• pleasure principle
• Primitive and instinctive
component of personality
• Inherited components of
personality present at birth
• remains infantile in its
function throughout a
person’s life and does not
change with time or
experience.
 EGO

• Reality
• Develops to mediate between the KEYWORD KEYWORD
unrealistic ID and the external world
• Decision making component of
personality

KEYWORD KEYWORD
SUPEREGO
• Functions to control the ID’s impulses
• Functions to persuade the ego to turn to
moralistic goals rather than simply
realistic ones and to strive for perfection
Conscience~ can punish the ego
Ideal Self- an imaginary picture of
how you ought to be.
CONSCIOUS
• Aware of what you are doing

PRE-CONSCIOUS
-contains thoughts that are unconscious but can
be easily recalled
UNCONSCIOUS

• Cannot be directed with the conscious mind but it

has it’s own process and deeply affects conscious
thoughts you can do it without thinking that you are
doing it.

NON-CONSCIOUS
• All that we are not aware of but helped us.
 FRUED PSYCHO-SEXUAL THEORY

• Frued proposed that there were 5 stages of

development. Frued believed that few people
successfully completed all 5 of the stages. Instead,
he felt that most people tried up their libido at
once of the stages, which prevented them from
using that energy at a later stage.
ERIC ERIKSON STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
 LAWRENCE KOHLDERG’S STAGES OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT

• A THEORY THAT HUMAN BEINGS

PROGRESS CONSECUTIVELY FROM
ONE STAGE TO THE NEXT IN AN
INVARIANT SEQUENCE, NOT
SKIPPING ANY STAGE OR GOING
BACK TO ANY PREVIOUS STAGES.
• ASSED MORAL REASONING BY POSING HYPOTHETICAL MORAL
DILEMMAS AND EXAMINING THE REASONING BEHIND
PEOPLES ANSWERS.

• PROPOSED 3 DISTINCT LEVELS OF MORAL REASONING, PRE-

CONVENTIONAL, CONVENTIONAL, AND POST-
CONVENTIONAL

• EACH LEVEL HAS TWO STAGES THAT REPRESENT DIFFERENT

DEGREES OF SOPHISTICATION IN MORAL REASONING.
PIAGET FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
• JEAN PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT SUGGESTS THAT CHILDREN MOVE
THROUGH FOUR DIFFERENT STAGES OF MENTAL
DEVELOPMENT. HIS THEORY FOCUSES NOT ONLY ON
UNDERSTANDING HOW CHILDREN ACQUIRE
KNOWLEDGE, BUT ALSO ON UNDERSTANDING THE
NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE. PIAGET’S STAGES ARE:
 VYGOTSKY
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
• THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD) IS
THE RANGE OF ABILITIES THAT AN INDIVIDUAL
CAN PERFORM WITH ASSISTANCE, BUT CANNOT
YET PERFORM INDEPENDENTLY. THESE SKILLS ARE
CALLED “PROXIMAL” BECAUSE THE INDIVIDUALS
IS CLOSE TO MASTERING THEM, BUT NEEDS MORE
GUIDANCE AND PRACTICE IN ORDER TO PERFORM
THESE ACTIONS INDEPENDENTLY.
 BRONFENABRENNER
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY
Thank you