2 Categories of

Gene Mutation
Base substitution
also known as point mutation, refers to the replacement of one
nucleotide base with another in a DNA sequence. In this type of
mutation, a single base pair is substituted with a different base pair.
 TYPES OF BASE SUBSTITUTION
Silent Mutation: a type of genetic mutation that occurs when a change in the
DNA sequence does not result in a change in the corresponding amino acid
sequence of the protein. In other words, the mutation does not alter the
protein's final functional product.

Original TAC AGG GCT CGA

Mutated UAC AGG GUU CGA
Missense Mutation: If the substitution results in a different amino acid being
incorporated into the protein, it is called a missense mutation. This can alter
the structure or function of the protein, potentially leading to a genetic
disorder or disease

Original ATG CCA GCT TAC

Mutated ATG CGA GCT TAC
Nonsense mutation: a type of genetic mutation that introduces a premature
stop codon into the DNA or mRNA sequence, resulting in the premature
termination of protein synthesis. This mutation leads to the production of a
truncated and usually non-functional protein.

Original ATG GAA GCT TAC

Mutated AUG TAA GCU UAC
Base insertion or deletion
refers to the addition or removal of one or more nucleotide base pairs
in a DNA sequence, resulting in a change in the length of the
sequence. These mutations can cause frameshifts, altering the reading
frame and potentially leading to the production of non-functional or
truncated proteins.
Base insertion
a type of genetic mutation that involves the addition of one or more
nucleotide bases into the DNA sequence. This mutation can occur during
DNA replication or repair processes, leading to changes in the genetic code
and potentially altering the resulting protein sequence.
Base Deletion
a type of genetic mutation that involves the removal of one or more
nucleotide bases from the DNA sequence. This mutation can occur during
DNA replication or repair processes, resulting in changes to the genetic
code and potentially altering the resulting protein sequence.