Instrument Ratings

provided by manufactures and vendors are very useful in the selection,

installation, operation, and maintenance of components in control system

Rating Parameters
¶ Sensitivity
¶ Dynamic range
¶ Resolution
¶ Linearity
¶ Zero drift and full scale drift(Stability)
¶ Useful frequency range
¶ Bandwidth
¶ Input and output impedances
Sensitivity
Upper limit( supply voltage)
The ratio of output quantity to input quantity
dynamic range

Range of possible

or acceptable
Resolution
Smallest change in a signal that can be detected input/output values

accurately indicated by a transducer a display

unit Lower limit(noise floor)
Linearity
Curve of output value (peak or rms value) vs input value under static (or steady-state)

conditions within the dynamic range of an instrument

Zero drift

The drift from the null reading of the instrument when the input is maintained steady for a long

period

Full scale drift

defined with respect to the full scale reading

Useful frequency range

corresponds to a flat gain curve and a zero phase curve in the frequency response

characteristics of instrument bandwidth

 Bandwidth Design
Bandwidth
Plays an important role in specifying and characterizing the components of
a control system has different meanings depending on the particular context and application.
Effective Noise Bandwidth
Equal to the bandwidth of an ideal filter that has the same reference level and that transmits the
same amount of power from a white noise source

𝟐
𝑮( 𝒇 )
G(f)
Reference level
Half-power 𝟐
𝑮 𝒓
Equivalent idea
𝑮𝒓 𝑮𝟐 𝑩𝒑 filter
𝒓
3 dB=20 =¿
√𝟐 𝟐
Actual filter

0 Frequency f 0 𝑩𝒆 f
 𝟐
𝑮( 𝒇 )
𝟐
𝑮𝒓

𝑮𝒓
𝟐
= 𝑩𝒑
𝟐

0 Frequency f

Control Bandwidth
To specify the maximum possible speed of control(analog and digital)

Provides the frequency range within which a system can be controlled

Static Gain
Transfer function magnitude of a measuring instrument within the useful range of the instrument
Aliasing Distortion due to Signal Sampling
Sampling Theorem

Aliasing
Nyquist Frequency

Original Spectrum

Eg. Consider 1024 data points from a signal sampled at 1 ms intervals

Sample rate = = 1000Hz = 1kHz

Nyquist frequency = = 500 Hz
Spectra; line separation = = 0.9765
 Another illustration of Aliasing
0.2 Hz
0.8 Hz

Signal

1 2 3 4 5

Nyquist frequency 0.5Hz

Example

1. Control bandwidth 3. ……? 4.

Drive system Operating =

Spectru Control signal
2. If = 0.02s, bandwidth = …….? m =

Rate = = 125Hz

control bandwidth =