Chemistry - Key Stage 4

Organic Chemistry

Review 1

Miss Mason
 General recap questions

Key word practise

Fractional distillation + cracking

Exam-style questions

Outcome: increased confidence in organic

chemistry application tasks

2
Recap
Keywords: fractions, mixture, saturated, unsaturated, double bonds, single bonds, plastic, polymers, fuel, viscous,
flammable, boiling point, long chain, short chain.

1. What is crude oil?

2. What is the difference between an alkane and an alkene?
3. What is fractional distillation used for?
4. Describe the conditions at the bottom of a fractionating column and what is collected there.
5. Describe the conditions at the top of a fractionating column and what is collected there.
6. Write out a word equation demonstrating what happens in cracking.
7. Identify one use of an alkane and one use of an alkene.
8. If an alkane contains 5 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms will it contain?
9. If an alkene contains 5 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms will it contain?
10.Suggest some of the properties of the crude oil fraction, bitumen.

3
Recap
1. What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a finite fossil fuel. It is made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons with different chain lengths formed
from the remains of ancient biomass buried in mud.

2. What is the difference between an alkane and an alkene?

Alkanes and alkenes are both types of hydrocarbons (only made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms). Alkanes only
contain single bonds and are saturated whilst alkenes contain some double bonds so are unsaturated.

3. What is fractional distillation used for?

To separate crude oil into fractions based on chain length and boiling point.

4
Recap
4. Describe the conditions at the bottom of a fractionating column and what is collected there.
The temperature is the hottest here (>350°C) and long chain hydrocarbons with their strong intermolecular forces and
high boiling points will collect here.

5. Describe the conditions at the top of a fractionating column and what is collected there.
The temperature is the coolest here (<20°C) and short chain hydrocarbons with their weak intermolecular forces and
low boiling points will condense here.

6. Write out a word equation demonstrating what happens in cracking.

Long chain alkane → short chain alkane + short chain alkene

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Recap

7. Identify one use of an alkane and one use of an alkene.

Alkanes can be used as fuels and alkenes can be used in the manufacture of plastics/polymers.

8. If an alkane contains 5 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms will it contain?
12 hydrogen atoms
CnH2n+2
9. If an alkene contains 5 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms will it contain?
10 hydrogen atoms
CnH2n
10. Suggest some of the properties of the crude oil fraction, bitumen.
High boiling point, very viscous, not very flammable.

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Key word practise
- Match up the following key words to their correct definition

a) Mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

1. Crude oil b) How thick or runny something is

2. Fraction c) A type of hydrocarbon that contains double bonds and is

‘unsaturated’
3. Hydrocarbon d) A mixture of hydrocarbons produced from the remains of
ancient biomass
4. Alkane
e) A type of hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds and is
5. Alkene ‘saturated’

f) A compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms only

6. Cracking

7. Viscosity g) The process of breaking down long chain alkanes into shorter
chain alkanes and alkenes by thermal decomposition

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Can you define the word…?

Viscosity

How thick or runny something is

Can you define the word…?

Fraction

Mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling

points
Can you define the word…?

Alkene

A type of hydrocarbon that contains double

bonds and is ‘unsaturated’
Can you define the word…?

Cracking

The process of breaking down long chain

alkanes into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes
Can you define the word…?

Alkane

A type of hydrocarbon that contains only

single bonds and is ‘saturated’
Fractionating column
Label ideas: High temperatures, small
molecules, heated crude oil, petrol

Image source: Miss Mason

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Fractionating column
Small molecules
Gas
<20°C Lower temperature
Petrol
20-70°C

Naphtha
70-160°C

Kerosene
160-250°C

Diesel
250-350°C

Bitumen
Large molecules
>350°C
Heated crude oil High temperature
Image source: Miss Mason
400°C

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Which type of cracking is used most in industry and
why?

Catalytic cracking
- More economical due to lower energy consumption (lower
temperatures and pressures are used)
- Higher yield of short-chain alkanes and alkenes (catalyst speeds up
the rate of the reaction)
- Higher profit
Exam-style questions
What is a hydrocarbon? OR Name 2 elements that can be found in a hydrocarbon

A compound made up of only Hydrogen and carbon

hydrogen and carbon (atoms)

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Exam-style questions
What is the chemical formula of this molecule?

[Wikimedia Commons] - [Butan Lewis] - Butane-2D-flat

C4H10

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Exam-style questions
a) Complete the equation for the reaction during the cracking of C 20H42.

C20H42 → C12H26 + _______

C8H16

b) Heptane is one of the hydrocarbons extracted during fractional distillation.

It has 7 carbon atoms.
What is the formula for heptane?

CnH2n+2 C7H16

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Exam-style questions
Describe how increasing the number of carbon atoms within a hydrocarbon can have an
effect on its viscosity and flammability.

● Increasing carbon atoms = increasing chain length

● Increasing chain length = stronger intermolecular forces

● Stronger intermolecular forces = increased viscosity

● Increased viscosity = less flammable

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Exam-style questions
Gas
Describe how fractional distillation is used to separate out the <20°C
different fractions of crude oil.
● Crude oil is heated up to around 400°C so it Petrol
20-70°C
vaporises
Naphtha
● Vapour rises up the column 70-160°C

● Long chain molecules which have high boiling Kerosene

160-250°C
points condense and collect at the bottom of the
column where the temperatures are the highest Diesel
250-350°C
● Short chain molecules which have low boiling
Bitumen
points condense and collect at the top of the
column where the temperatures are the lowest >350°C

Image source: Miss Mason

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Exam-style questions
Suggest why petrol is more Gas
<20°C
useful as a fuel than bitumen.
Petrol
20-70°C

● Petrol is a shorter chain molecule than Naphtha

70-160°C
bitumen
Kerosene
● It is therefore much less viscous so easier to 160-250°C
transport and pump into vehicles
Diesel
● Petrol is much more flammable than bitumen 250-350°C
and it must be burnt to release energy, so this Bitumen
makes it more suitable than bitumen
>350°C

Image source: Miss Mason

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Exam-style questions
Describe 2 differences between fractional distillation and catalytic cracking.

● Cracking uses a catalyst, fractional distillation doesn’t

● Cracking breaks up molecules, fractional distillation separates them

● Cracking is a chemical process, fractional distillation is a physical process

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Now complete the worksheet and the exit quiz