CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1 Introduction
Situation Analysis
Framework of The Study
Statement of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Significance of the Study
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
(Situational Analysis)
The background of the study is
basically an overview of the
research study and explaining
why you, as researcher, are doing
the study.
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
(Situational Analysis)
 The background includes:
1. discussion of the problem in general and the specific
situations as observed and experienced by the
researcher (macro to micro approach);
2. concepts and ideas related to the problem including
clarification of important terminologies; and
3. discussion of the existing or present conditions and
what is aimed to be in the future or the gap to be filled –
in by the research.
 THEORETICAL OR CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
The theoretical or conceptual framework is the
structure that can hold or support a theory or a
concept of a research study. The theoretical or
conceptual framework introduces and describes the
theory or concept that explains why the research
problem under study exists.

A theoretical or conceptual framework consists of

theories/concepts and, together with their definitions
and reference to relevant scholarly literature, existing
theory that is used for your particular study.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem is the basic difficulty, the issue,

the area of concern, the circumstances which exist, then,
how they ought to be.

The statement of the problem tells what is done to make

the situation that exists more like what it should be.
It exposes anything that is wrong with the situation or
condition or circumstance which is being described.
It has two main elements:
1. objective; and
2. research questions
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem is the basic difficulty, the issue,

the area of concern, the circumstances which exist, then,
how they ought to be.

The statement of the problem tells what is done to make

the situation that exists more like what it should be.
It exposes anything that is wrong with the situation or
condition or circumstance which is being described.
It has two main elements:
1. objective; and
2. research questions
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The objective or purpose of the study is the

part of the problem where the researcher
states the objective.
This is a statement of a long-term objective
expected to be achieved by the study.
This is derived by the identification and
crystallization of the research problem and as
reflected in the title.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A good purpose statement:

Single sentence
Include the purpose of the study
Include the central phenomenon
Use qualitative words
Note that participants
State the research site
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

RESEARCH QUESTIONS (avoid)

Relate
Influence
Impact
Effect
Cause
Influence
Compare
Contrast
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Example:
Research Title:
Narcissism in Teenagers: Root Causes,
Manifestations and Interventions
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Example:
Research Title:
Narcissism in Teenagers: Root Causes,
Manifestations and Interventions
Statement of the Problem:
This study aims to discover the root causes of narcissism, as well as its manifestations and possible forms of
intervention.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1.What are the underlying causes of narcissism?
2.How has technology contributed to narcissistic behavior?
3.What are the manifestation of narcissistic behavior in adolescents?
4.What forms of intervention can be done to address this behavior of adolescents?
5.How can the following help in developing healthy self-esteem, positive outlook and attitudes in adolescents?
a.Parents
b.Curriculum Planners
c.Administrators
d.Teachers
e.Guidance Counsellors
f.Peers
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Terms used in the study should be defined operationally.

Operationally means “describing how these terms were
used in the study”.

Example:
Performance refers to the scores of the respondents in the
researcher-made test instrument.
Performance refers to the final grade in Physics 1 of the
respondents.
Experimental group refers to the Grade 11 Newton which
was taught using the collaborative teaching approach
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE
STUDY
The scope describes the coverage of the
study.
It specifies what is covered in terms of
concept, number of subjects or the
population included in the study, as well
as the timeline when the study was
conducted.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE
STUDY
Delimit by citing factors or variables that are not be included and the
boundary in terms of time frame, number of subjects, participants or
respondents who are excluded. Specify that which you will not deal within
the study.
This section discusses the parameters of the research in paragraph. It
answers the basic questions:
What – The topic of investigation and the variables included
Where – The venue or the setting of the research
When - The time frame by which the study was conducted
Why - The general objectives of the research
Who - The subject of the study, the population and sampling
How - The methodology of the research which may include the
research design, methodology and the research instrument
It may also discuss why certain variables were not included in the research.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE
STUDY
Example of Scope and Delimitation from an actual Qualitative Study:
Personality Traits, Emotional Quotient and Resiliency Level of High School Cyber Bullying
Victims: Basis for Life Skills Session Program (Valencia, A., 2013)

This study was limited to cyber cullying victims, with ages ranging from 11 to 18
years old and who were enrolled during the school year of 2012-2013 at the
__________________school.
This study was undertaken from June 2012 to March 2013. The students in this
condition were presented with different issues, but the researcher focused on theory,
emotional quotient and resiliency level. Other aspects of their personality were considered
in this study. Thus, the High School Personality Questionnaire was used as one of the
instruments in this study to identify the fourteen personality traits of the respondents. The
BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (BarOn EQ-iYV) was utilized for the
respondents’ level of emotional quotient. More so, the Resilience Scale for Adolescents was
employed to determine the respondents’ resiliency level.
Respondents of this study were victims of cyberbullying who signified to have
experienced three or more of the cyber bullying types and were given consent by their
parents to participate in the study.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In this part of research, the researcher defines who will

benefit out of the findings of the study.
He / she describes how the problem will be solved and
specifically pinpoints who will benefit from such
findings or results.
Usually, the beneficiaries of the study are those experts
concerned about the problem, the administrators or
policy-makers who make the decisions or implement
programs, the subjects themselves, future researchers
and those who are directly or indirectly affected by the
problem.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
EXAMPLE:

The study must be conducted to find out the major causes of teenage pregnancy
and the external of the effect of teenage pregnancy on the development of students and
out-of-school youth in Maramag. The result of this study is beneficial to students and out-of-
school youth, to the parents, the teachers to the community, school administrators,
researchers and other interested individuals because this can give empirical data as bases
for suggestions on minimizing teenage pregnancy in the community.

The study will also benefit the students who are still at school because it will give
them information about the causes of teenage pregnancy and its possible effects on their
studies. This paper will guide them to focus first their attention on their studies.

The study will also benefit the out-of-school youth in the sense that they are make
aware of the causes of teenage pregnancy and are helped to avoid the same to increase
their chances to participate in the Alternative Learning System (ALS) or increase their
chances to go back to the formal school.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will also benefit the parents to enable them to realize their great
role in educating their teenagers, protecting and diverting them from
indulging premarital sex. This study, too will make the parents aware that
education about the use of contraceptives will start also at home.

This study will also benefit the teachers on the steps to take for
they could be informed how important education is to the development of
children to manhood/womanhood. This enables them to guide and identify
the major causes of teenage pregnancy especially in Maramag, Bukidnon.

This study will also benefit school administrators. It will provide

them information on the importance of knowing the major factors behind
early pregnancy and the possible effects on educational development of
teenagers.
LEARNING FROM
OTHERS AND
REVIEWING THE
LITERATURE
 Plagiarism

• copying verbatim of language and ideas

of other writers and taking credit for
them
• occurs when the credit for work is
ascribed to oneself untruthfully
• academic writers have a great
responsibility to account for the ideas
and language of others
 FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

Mosaic Plagiarism – involves copying text

from another source and changing
several words, while maintaining the
original sentence structure.
Poor paraphrasing is still plagiarism.
Researcher should read and make his
own interpretation.
 FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

EXAMPLE:
ORIGINAL SOURCE:
Feminist Literature de-emphasizes the
state and instead focuses on gender
relations, specifically on the political and
economic marginalization of women
within states and in the world as a whole
 FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

EXAMPLE:
Mosaic Plagiarism
Feminist scholarship shifts the emphasis
from the state to a focus on gender
relations, especially the political and
economic marginalization of women
within states and in the world at large.
 FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

How to correct?
1. Quote and cite
“Feminist Literature de-emphasizes the
state and instead focuses on gender
relations, specifically on the political and
economic marginalization of women
within states and in the world as a
whole” (Sens and Stoett 2002, p.109)
 FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

How to correct?
Paraphrase properly and cite

Feminists direct our attention to the ways

in which women are relegated to
secondary status both domestically and
internationally (Sens and Stoett 2002,
p.109)
 FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

Misattribution Plagiarism –
involves attributing an excerpt,
quote or an idea to the wrong
author or the incorrect source or
worse, a non-existent source
 FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

Accidental Misattribution –
carelessness or poor documenting
practices

Intentional Misattribution – writer is

trying to hide something.
 FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

Self-Plagiarism – committed in two instances;

duplication or replication.

Duplication – committed when researcher copies

the contents of his/her own work, previously
submitted or published in whole or in part w/o
proper attribution.
Replication – graver act, in which a researcher
submits one work multiple times w/o disclosing this
first.
 Note-taking

Note-taking
techniques such as summarizing,
using quotations, and
paraphrasing are used to address
plagiarism of language
 LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review provides an overview

of what has been written about a specific
topic. The review of literature includes
practically all the information and data
which are authoritative and relevant to
the topic of the study as in case of
research and similar scholarly
undertakings.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature can cover a range of sources, namely:

Journal articles
Computerized databases
Conference proceedings
Theses and dissertations
Empirical studies
Government reports and reports from
other bodies
Historical records
Statistical handbooks
 LITERATURE REVIEW

A good literature review shows the following

characteristics:

Focused, Concise,
Logical, Developed,
Integrative, Current
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Why do a Literature Review?

1. To define and limit the problem you are working on
2. To place the study in a historical perspective
3. To avoid unnecessary duplication
4. To evaluate pioneering research methods
To relate findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research
 LITERATURE SYNTHESIS

What is a Literature Synthesis?

Synthesis refers to the
bringing together of materials
from different sources and the
creation of an integrated whole.
 LITERATURE SYNTHESIS

Techniques in Writing a Synthesis

Summary – simplest way. Here,

you write one after the other the
most relevant information and
sources you gathered.
 LITERATURE SYNTHESIS

Techniques in Writing a Synthesis

Example or Illustration – It is a
reference to a particularly
illuminating example or illustration
that you have included in your
review.
 LITERATURE SYNTHESIS

Techniques in Writing a Synthesis

Two (or more) Reasons – This approach

can be effective method by simply stating
your thesis, then give reasons why it is
true. Your reasons need to be supported
by evidence from your data and sources.
 LITERATURE SYNTHESIS

Techniques in Writing a Synthesis

Comparison and Contrast – These
techniques will lead to examining two
subjects or data in terms of one
another. Comparison considers
similarities while contrast highlights
differences.
 CITATION

Citation
Acknowledging the
ownership of the work of
others.
 Types of Citation Guide

1. APA
2. MLA
3. CHICAGO MANUAL OF
STYLE GUIDE
 Types of Citation Guide

MLA Style Guide – Modern Language

Association – It released various style
manual editions to guide scholars in
publication; mostly those who are
aligned towards the humanities and
liberal arts.
 Types of Citation Guide

Chicago Manual of Style Guide –

it is mostly used in natural,
physical and social sciences
 Forms of Citation

Author-Oriented Citation
 starts with the surname of the author, followed by the
year of publication in parentheses
 verbs of statements such as argues, posits, and
emphasis at the start of paragraph or sentence may be
used
Example:
Pulido (2012) believes that language in an online
environment can be understood if other modes of online
communication are further analyzed.
 Forms of Citation

Text-Oriented Citation
 paragraph or sentence from a source is followed with
the surname of the author of the work and the year of
publication.
Example:
Unless educators realize the importance of reading
and writing across subject areas (Estacio, 2010)
 Forms of Citation

According to…
 it is followed by the surname of the author and the year
of publication enclosed in parentheses
Example:
According to Mendoza (1990), by the end of the
century, our fuel reserves will be reduced to half.
 Forms of Citation

Direct Quotations
employed for statements that are so
closely associated that altering the
words may lose its rhetorical impact.
 DIRECT QUOTATIONS

lift the text and enclose them in

quotation marks
Example: “Globalization is just a covert
term for colonization.” (Reyes, 1994,
p.2)
 DIRECT QUOTATIONS

If the text is too long, you may omit

certain parts and replace them with an
ellipsis (three dots)
 DIRECT QUOTATIONS

 Interpolation may have done to insert notes within the

directly quoted passage.
Example: “De Quiros, Zabala, Uy, and Lee believe that
the education sector should address the material
conditions of schools.” (Danao, 2011, p.7)
 Using too many direct quotations does not reveal your
identity as an author. It is important that you develop
your own voice and style of writing in expressing ideas.
 SUMMARIZING
• Short restatement of the main idea of a text.
Ideally, it is a third of the original text of your
paper
• make sure to read the text thoroughly and
highlight the important details in the text and
include the cause and effect if it is necessary
• after getting the main idea make sure to use your
own words
• after making the summary make sure to compare
it to the original text to make sure that it does not
stray from it.
 PARAPHRASING
• involves putting a passage from source material
into your own words. A paraphrase must also be
attributed to the original source.
• Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the
original passage, taking a somewhat broader
segment of the source and condensing it slightly.
• it could be more challenging than summarizing
because it may lead to misinterpretation on the
part of the reader
 PARAPHRASING
Example: Original text:
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be
attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a
style manual or to ask their teacher for help (p. 199).

Paraphrased text:
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult
citation format for first time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time
learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
 PARAPHRASING
Several Ways in Paraphrasing
1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later
how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card,
write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your
paraphrase.
4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your
version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new
form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology
you have borrowed exactly from the source.
6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that
you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material
into your paper.