Deviance &

Crime
Huma Javed
PHD 1st semester
MEASUREMENT OF
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR &
BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS IN
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
TABLE OF
CONTENTS

WAYS OF MEASURING
01 METHODS OF
MEASURING CRIME 03 CRIME

NATIONAL
BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS IN
02 INCIDENT-BASED
REPORTING 04 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
SYSTEM

05 RITUALS BEHAVIORS &

CRIME SIGNATURE,
CONCLUSION
CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR

Any kind of social behavior, which

is punishable by law or norms,
stated by the community.
Therefore, it is very difficult to
define it, because the acts, being
considered as violation at one point
now is accepting by community.
Categories

Property Violent
crimes
crime Domestic, robbery
(Fraud, theft) homicide & sex

Public order
White-collar
crime crime
Public disturbance, illegal Offenses committed
drug & prostitution by public official
Criminal Behavior Theories

 When crime is truly product of rational choice, the offender commits the
act for reason of personal gain or gratification.
 His or her behavior is under his or her complete control. How and to what
degree, however, might other factors include on and compromie his or her
ability to exercise free will.?
 Broadly speaking, criminal behavior theories involves three catogries of
factoes:

Psychological Social Biological

Purpose Of Measuring Crimes

There are many purposes of measuring crimes or

criminal behavior pattern, these are given below:
 Explanation
 Identifying the causes
 Monitoring
 Analyzing the ratio of crimes
 Research
 Awareness
 Control & preventions
Elements Of Crimes

Crime involves four basic elements, the experts

investigates these basic elements for understanding
the cause and effect relationship. These elements
are:
 The offender
 Victim
 Offence
 incident
Crime rates in Pakistan

70.69%
Problem corruption
and bribery

45.29%
Problem people using or
dealing drugs

47.11%
property crimes such as
vandalism and theft
“Thus have we inserted disbelifes into the
heart of the criminals. They will not
believe in it until they see the painfull
punishment.”
—AL-QURAN (26:200-201)
Methods of measuring
criminal behavior:
All localities and states report the
extent of crime through different
publications and venues. Most
colleges and universities, except for
online colleges, are required by law
to maintain and report to the public
data about crime reported to the
police.
This data is particularly helpful in
helping to develop specific crime
prevention and intervention
strategies.
Methods Of Measuring Criminal Behavior

Uniform Crime National Crime

National incident-Based
Reports Program Victimization Survey
Reporting System
Uniform Crime Reports Program (UCR)
 UCR is an oldest measure administered
by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) as a strategy to collect data about
crimes that are reported to the police.
 The UCR is divided into two parts: Part I
records the eight Index crimes (murder,
rape, robbery, aggravated assault,
burglary, larceny/theft, and arson), and
Part II records arrests made for all other
crimes.
 The creation of the UCR program in 1930
was hailed as “one of the most important
events in the history of criminal statistics
in the U.S.”
Uniform Crime Reports Program (UCR)

 More than 18,000 police departments across the United

States report information to the FBI about crime occurring in
their jurisdictions.
 Chances are that even your campus police department, if
your college has one, reports data to the FBI as a part of
UCR program. The data is informative in a way that it
provide an indicator of the amount of crime reported to the
police each year.
 Policy makers and researchers have used the data to better
understand various dynamics related to crime.
History of Uniform Crime Reports Program

The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IASP) called for the

creation of such a program in response to concerns that the media
were misrepresenting the true nature of crime across in United States.

At that time, law enforcement leaders and social scientists, particularly

social science statisticians, were interested in developing a national
crime reporting system.

Law enforcement leaders, including August Vollmer wanted a system

that would accurately portray crime in their communities.
Uniform Crime Reports Program (UCR)

Prior to the development of UCR program, Vollmer said:

Before energy is expanded to improve police procedure, it
will first be necessary to collect reliable statistical data.

We hear on all sides that crime of one type or another has

increased; that cities are overrun with gunman; that
juvenile delinquency has reached such enormous
proportions that national safety is endangered.
Uniform Crime Reports Program
(UCR)
 These statements have been repeated so often that even
conservative police officials now believe it to be true,
although they are the soul possessors of such facts as are
available concerning crime conditions in this country, and
these facts have never been compiled, compared, evaluated
or interpreted.
 In conclusion, we can say that provided statistics furnish
powerful meanings of discovering the causes of crime, if
they are used critically and carefully.
Problems with the UCR
● UCR data have serious limitations that restrict their usefulness for
criminological research, some of the more serious of these
limitations are outlined below:
● The UCR data significantly underrepresents the actual number of
criminal events in the United States each year.
● Federal crimes such as highly costly white-collar crimes such as
stock market fraud, hazardous waste dumping, tax evasion, and
false claims for professional services are not included in the UCR.
● Crime data may be falsified by police departments for political
reasons.
 National Crime Victimization
Survey(NCVS

 It collects information directly from residents

of the United States to access their
victimization experiences.
 Initially called the National Crime Survey, the
NCVS was created in 1972 after President
Johnson’s Commission on Law Enforcement
and Administration of Justice called for
national data collection strategies to increase
understanding about the dark figure of crime .
History of NCVS

The NCVS has changed significantly since it was created roughly a half-
century ago.

The crime incident report part of the survey instrument was initially a four-
page survey with 20 questions and sub-questions.

Other changes include that the initial NCVS program surveyed businesses
and included “face-to-face interviews” for all contacts with respondents.

The business surveys stopped in the mid-1970s, and phone interviews

were implemented for follow-up interviews in the early 1980s.
National Crime Victimization Survey

 The NCVS collects information about

household and personal victimization
and asks respondents about the
costs of victimization and whether
they reported their victimization to
the police.
 The survey is funded by the Bureau
of Justice Statistics, and data are
collected by the U.S. Census
Bureau.
National Crime Victimization Survey

Once individuals are selected to be a part of sample,

respondent are interviewed every six months for three
years and asked during each interview whether they
have experienced specific types of victimization in the
past six months.
The findings from the survey provide estimates of
threatened, completed and attempted rapes,
aggravated assaults, simple assaults, burglary, person
theft, burglary theft, property theft and motor vehicle
theft.
 Problems of NCVS
o Crimes such as drug dealing and all “victimless” crimes
such as prostitution and gambling are not revealed in
such surveys for obvious reasons and because murder
victims cannot be interviewed, this most serious of
crimes is not included.
o Victimization data do not have to meet any stringent
legal or evidentiary standards in order to be reported as
an offense; if the respondent says he or she was robbed,
a robbery will be recorded.
o NCVS relies exclusively on the memory and the word
of interviewees.
NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED
REPORTING SYSTEM
The National Incident-Based Reporting
System (NIBRS) is a national crime
reporting system developed in 1980s.
It provide more detail about crime incidents.
 National Incident-Based Reporting System

● The reason of development of a third national crime

reporting system: the National Incident-Based Reporting
System (NIBRS) is as follows:
● 1: A recognition of the limitation of Uniform Crime Report
Program (UCR) to provide information about incidents of
crime.
● 2: Appreciation for the detailed information provided by
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).
● NIBRS is administered by FBI.
● NIBRS was created in the late 1980s.
 Continue…
 6,647 law enforcement agencies participated in the
NIBRS program till 2015.
 It represents 36.1% of departments that provided all of
their crime data through the Uniform Crime Reports
Program (UCR).
 The amount of crime reported in the NIBRS is about
one-fourth of the amount reported in the Uniform
Crime Reports Program (UCR).
 NIBRS is so detailed that is why there is low agency
participation rate of NIBRS.
NIBRS Captures 57 data element related to:

Victim Arrestee

Offense Property
National Incident-Based Reporting System
● It would take the law enforcement agency much longer to compile
the data required for the NIBRS program as compare to the UCR
program.
● For example:
● The UCR provides aggregate counts of offenses.
● The NIBRS provides detailed information about individual
incidents.
● UCR does not differentiate between attempted and completed
offenses.
● The NIBS differentiate between attempted and completed
offenses.
Benefits of participating in NIBRS
It provides detailed information
on every important criminal 7: Spousal abuse
justice issue facing law 8: child abuse
enforcement today. It includes: 9: domestic violence
1: terrorism 10: juvenile crime
2: white collar crime 11: child pornography
3: weapons offenses 12: alcohol related offenses
4: Missing children where etc. It can better make a case
criminality is involved to acquire the resources
5: drug offenses needed to fight crime.
6: hat crimes
 Weakness of NIBRS

There is a requirement of extensive paper

records in the reporting system of NIBRS.
 Conclusion

NIBRS provides a much more detailed portrait

of crime and captures information on a broader
range of offenses
 03
Further Ways Of Measuring Crime
Further Ways Of Measuring Crime

There are main ways that crime is measured by forensic

psychologist and these include both quantitative and
qualitative measure.
 Official statistics
 Self report crime survey
 Victims surveys
 Offenders surveys
 Official Statistics

The office for national statistics is

responsible for collecting a wide range of
qualitative data on varying areas of interest.

It hold the information on current crime

survey carried out on victims as well as
those recorded by the police
Some of the areas of crime covered include

Drug crime
Property
Criminal damage crime Physical and sexual crime
Self-report Crime Survey

Provide a way for criminologist to collect data without having to

rely on government.

Questionnaires used in these survey typically provide a list of

offenses they recall having committed and how often and
sometimes whether they have ever been arrested .

self report Survey have relied primarily on collage and high

school students for subject although prison inmates and
probationers have also been surveyed.
Self-Report Crime Survey
● Several studied have addressed the
issue of the accuracy and honest of
self reported in various ways
● The greatest strength of self report
research is that researcher can
correlate a variety of characteristics
of respondent with their admitted
offenses that go beyond the
demographic of age, race ,and
gender.
Self-Report Crime Survey

● For instance, they can attempt to measure various construct

though to be associated with offending such as impulsiveness,
empathy and sensation, seeking, as their peer association and their
attitudes.
● Self reported crime measure provide largely accurate information
about some illegal act that occurred at some time in the
respondent life.
● However, there are a number of reasons why self reported crime
surveys also provide a distorted picture of criminal involvement.
 Victim Surveys
● Another method for measuring crime &
criminal behavior.
● Victim surveys involve asking a sample of
people to identify the both reported and
unreported crimes that have been committed
against them.
● Adults and children are questioned on their
experiences of crime and questions are
followed up to obtain their attitudes on crime
and the police ,as well as to help identify those
groups most at risk.
Continue…
● In the past only police and criminal justice data were used to
measure crime, but at present time such information alone is not
sufficient and should be integrated with victim surveys results.
● Victim surveys used as a tool to assess risks across countries and
world regions.
● ICVS (International Crime Victim Surveys) conduct more than
150 surveys in 80 different countries since 1989.
● Surveys provide information on crime and victimization through
a standard questionnaire, the results of which are internationally
comparable.
Continue…

 Interviews are done by using different

methods:
● Phone using technique (CATI)
Computer assisted telephone
interviewing.
● Face-to-face Methodology.
● NCVS directly interviews each person
12 years older in the household.
● Proxy interviews may be used for
incapacitated persons Or for special
situations
CSEW (Crime survey for England and wales)

One of the largest victim surveys carried out in UK is the

(CSEW).

Previously known as the British Crime Survey.

It is face-to-face survey which collects data randomly from

50,000 households in UK 2016-17.

Adults and children are questioned on the experience s of

crime and they share their attitudes on crime and the police.
 Disadvantages
Data hard to analyze and categories.
Time consuming to conduct and transcribe.
Expensive as researcher need training.
Unreliable as cant be replicated or verified
by another psychologist.
Advantages
Focus on what the victim believes is the central
issue.
Develops trust / rapport so enables psychologist to
see through eyes of victim.
Richer, Vivid qualitative data about experience of
being victim.
Able to make sure research shares same meaning as
victim to increase validity .
Offender surveys
“These surveys are designed to take information
from offenders, often those in prison, in order to
develop an understanding of the behavior and
attitudes of offenders”.
(OCJS) Offending crime and justice survey:
 It was a longitudinal study carried out b/w 2003-
2006.
 It took data from a variety of areas including :
 Self reported offending.
 Indicators of Recidivism ( Repeat offending).
 Types of offences committed.
CONTINUE…
● By interviewing a range of young
offenders looking back over the
previous years, they identified specific
trends in anti-social behaviors namely a
peak b/w the ages of 14 & 16 , and the
relationship b/w offending behavior and
the use of drugs or alcohol.
● This kind of data helps research to
identify potential risk factors and
develop ways to prevent a person from
becoming an offender.
 ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
 Insight of how many people
 Unreliable- may conceal more
are responsible group/
serious crimes or exaggerate
individual.
 Give more accurate details the number.
 Ignore middle class crimes
about crimes which may not
like fraud.
get reported in the official
statistics.
Behavioral Analysis In Criminal Investigation

 Offender profiling also known as

criminal profiling.
 It is an investigative tool used by law
enforcement agencies to identify likely
suspects and has been used by
investigators to link cases that may
have been committed by the same
perpetrator.
Analyzing The Criminal Mind

 The FBI established a behavioral science unit in 1972 to explore

the psychological issues of violent crime and help to establish
investigation methods to exploit behavioral clues revealed in the
course of investigations.

 There are 3 ABCs of applied behavioral analysis;

 Antecedent- the prompt or initial situation, leading to a behavior .
Analyzing The Criminal Mind
● Behavior- the action or behavior in response to the antecedent.
● Consequence- the reinforcement mechanism associated with the behavior.
● For most behavioral analysts, the antecedent and behaviors are observable
and the consequence adjustable. For criminal behavioral analysts, only
the behavior are clear.
● The analysts formulate the theories of antecedent and consequence to
explain the evidential behavior in an attempt to predict things that could
help give some indication as to who the perpetrator is:
● Employment situation and the type of job
● Family status and background
● Personal tics and preferences
● Hobbies and formative experiences
Criminal Behavior Analysis

● Investigator are involved to

understand the dynamics of crime,
which means to analyze and
interpret activities of offender prior
to, during and after the criminal
act. This activity is called
“behavior”, and the process is
termed as “criminal behavioral
analysis”.
 Ritual Behavior & Crime
Scene Signature
Repetitive offender shows aspects of behavior,
unnecessary for execution of a criminal intent.
These kinds of behaviors often express fantasies of
a perpetrator and are primary motivator for
commission of a crime.
Ritual Behavior & Crime Scene Signature

● Those are symbolic, not functional and highly individualized.

Violent offenders very often are daydreamers.
● After time passes, they develop a need to express their
fantasies and commit a criminal act. And finally, when they
carry out their intent, some elements of their behavior
demonstrate a unique, personal expression of their fantasies.
● When those rituals are displayed at the crime scene, the
offender leaves “calling cards” which is highly individualized.
● When crime scenes reveal unusual offender input or peculiar
characteristics during commission of a crime, calling card/
signature aspect is manifested.
Continue…

● A signature refers to the distinctive

behaviors that help to serve the
criminal’s psychological and emotional
needs. Physical evidence helps to
establish the signature behaviors of the
criminal who committed the crime.
● The investigator or detective for a
homicide case would refer to the
forensic analysis for this type of
evidence in regard to the signature
behaviors at the crime scene.
Ritual Behaviors and Crime Scene Signature

● For example, a rapist may reveal his

signature when expressing his domination,
manipulation and control during verbal,
physical or sexual stage of crime.
● Preparation of a script for a victim to repeat,
the use of exclusively abusive, vulgar
language represents a verbal signature.
● For example: a constant repetition of
questions like “tell me how good I am at it:,
“tell me, that you want more” is a verbal
signature.
Examples of Crime Signatures

 Here are a few examples of criminal signatures:

o Level of injury to the victim, minimal or excessive.
o Specific location or sequence to criminal act.
o Specific type of weapon used.
o Personal items taken from victim.
o Specific type of victim targeted that refers to age, race,
occupation or other physical characteristics.
o Anything specifically left at the crime scene, such as an
object.
 Conclusion
• While implementing criminal behavior analysis, the investigators must be able
to analyze crime scenes and understand human behavior’s dynamics.
• Having ability to recognize different manifestation of human behavior,
investigators will be able to ask right questions in order to get valid answers.
• If investigators approach crime scenes with awareness of these factors, they
will steadily get better in reading true story and will get better equipped to
arrest offender.
REFERENCES

o https://authorjenniferchase.com/2011/06/22/offender%E2%80%99s-signature-vs-modus-operandi/
o http://connectusfund.org/
o http://www.danville-va.gov/
o https://www.nap.edu/read/10581/chapter/3#11
o https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/43079_2_Measuring_Crime_and_Criminal_Behavio
r.pdf
o https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/measuring-crime
o The Handbook of Forensic and Criminal Psychology (for BS and MSc classes) by Sajjad Hussain shah and
Muhammad Arshad Malik (first edition 2019)