HYPERTEXT AND

INTERTEXT
 Hypertext is a non-linear way to present
information and is usually accomplished using
“links”. Such links help the readers navigate
further information about the topic being
discussed and may also lead to other links
that can direct the readers to various options.
Hypertext also allows the readers to create
their own meaning out of the material given to
them and learn better associatively.
 Hypertext is text displayed on a
computer display or other electronic
devices with references to other text that
the reader can immediately access.
Hypertext documents are interconnected
by hyperlinks, which are typically
activated by a mouse click, keypress set,
or by touching the screen.
 The World Wide Web (www) is a global
hypertext system of information residing
on servers linked across the internet.
Hypertext is the foundation of World
Wide Web enabling users to click on link
to obtain more information on a
subsequent page on the same site or from
website anywhere in the world.
The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1963.
Hypertext allows readers to access
information particularly suited to their needs.
Example, if a reader still needs more
background on a particular item that a text is
discussing, such as when a reader does not
know a particular term being used, the reader
can choose to highlight that term and access a
page that defines the term and describes it.
 Today, links are not just limited to
text or documents but may also
incorporate other forms of
multimedia such as images, audio,
and videos that stimulate more
senses. This is called hypermedia.
Why hypertexts?
In a hypertext system, the reader is
free to navigate information by
exploring the connections provided.
Hypertext is very different way of
presenting information than the usual
linear form.
 Text no longer flows in a straight line
through a book. Instead, it is broken down
into many smaller units (lexias, to borrow a
term from literary criticism), each
addressing a few issues.
 It acts as a bridge between two basic,
opposite, and complementing elements
that may be called gender of knowledge
representation: free and shortcut.
 Intertextuality or intertext is one
method of text development that
enables the author to make another
text based on another text. It happens
when some properties of an original
text are incorporated in the text that is
created by another author.
 One good reason why it occurs
is perhaps the second writer is
greatly affected or influenced by
the first writer leading to a
combination of imitation and
creation.
Intertext or intertextuality is technically defined
as a process of text development that merges two
more processes such as imitation and creation in
doing a text. It involves imitation because the
author as highly influenced by another author
comes up with his own version of the text
consciously or unconsciously incorporating the
style and other characteristics of the text done by
that author.
 Elaboration on Intertextuality
Intertextuality has rooted from the
work of a Swiss linguist Ferdinand de
Saussure (1857-1913). Meanwhile,
the term itself was first used by
Bulgarian-French philosopher and
psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva in the
1960s.
 Intertextuality is said to take place using four
specific methods namely: retelling, pastiche,
quotation, and allusion.
Retelling - It is the restatement of a story
or re-expression of a narrative.
Quotation - It is the method of directly
lifting the exact statements or set of
words from a text another author has
made.
Allusion - In this method, a writer or
speaker explicitly or implicitly pertains to an
idea or passage found in another text
without the use of quotation.
Pastiche - It is a text developed in a way
that it copies the style or other properties of
another text without making fun of it unlike
in a parody.
 TYPES OF ALLUSION
1.Biblical Allusion - A statement that refers
to the Bible without directly mentioning it.
Examples:
1. “He was a good Samaritan yesterday
when he helped the lady start her car.”
2. “It is raining so hard, I hope it doesn’t rain
for 40 days and 40 nights.”
2. Literary Allusion - A statement that
indirectly refers to other well-known
literary works.
Examples:
1. “I was surprised Jim’s nose was not
growing like Pinocchio’s.”
2. “Chocolate was her Achilles’ heel.”
3. Historical Allusion - A statement that refers
to history without directly mentioning it.
Examples:
1. “A war between one nation freed hundreds
of thousands of enslaved people.”
2. “Millions of innocent lives were lost due to
the prejudice views of a ruthless German
dictator.”
 Note: A political allusion
is always historical, but a
historical allusion does not
always involve politics.
4. Pop Cultural Allusion - A cultural
allusion is an association of phenomena
with a given community or culture.
Examples:
1. “She is caught in a bad romance.”
2. “Come on guys, we’re all in this together
(high school musical tune).”
 Pastiche – a text written in a way that it
imitates the style or other properties of another
text, without mocking the text, as a parody.
Pastiche may be comic in its content, but it
does not mock the original works.
Example: The Ten Commandments – The
Ten Commandments of Marriage
Magna Carta – Magna Carta for Women
 Parodies – a piece of writing,
music, etc., that imitates the
style of someone or something
else in an amusing way
- a bad or unfair example of
something
Questions Used to Validate Intertext
1. Are there two or more stories involved?
2. Does the text show a direct or an
indirect connection to
another piece of work?
Note: If the reader has affirmation towards
these questions, the texts he/she is
dealing with contains intertext
 TYPES OF INTERTEXT
1.Obligatory Intertextuality
- it is when the writer deliberately involves a
comparison or association between two or more
text
Example: Music video for “California Love” by
2Pac uses a lot of imagery from the Mad Max
film series, including sets, costumes and
vehicles
2. Optional Intertextuality
Optional intertextuality has a less vital impact on
the significance of the hypertext. It is a possible,
but not essential, intertextual relationship that if
recognized, the connection will slightly shift the
understanding of the text. The intent of the writer
when using optional intertextuality is to pay
homage to the “original” writers, or to reward those
who have read the hypotext
 Hypotext – an earlier text
which serves as the source
of a subsequent piece of
literature, or hypertext.
3. Accidental Intertextuality
It is when readers often connect a text
with another text, cultural practice or
a personal experience, without there
being any tangible anchor point within
the original text.