Oils, Fats (Lipid)

Liquid
and Detergents
solid

Dr. Ravindra S. Shinde

Dayanand Science College, Latur
B.Sc- Second year (Sem-III)
Sub: Chemistry
Paper-VI: Organic chemistry
 Fats and oils are
 also called triglycerides.

 esters of glycerol + 3 FA
 Chemical structure.
• Oils and fats – important for storing
chemical energy in living things.
• Oils are liquids – fats are solids.
• Made from esters of propane-1,2,3,triol
(glycerol) + long chain carboxylic acids
RCOOH.

H
H-C-O-H
H-C-O-H O
H-O-C-(CH2)14CH3
H-C-O-H
H
Propane-1,2,3-triol palmitic acid
Source of Oils fats
• Functions of Oils and fats
Common fatty acids
 Types of triesters
• Triesters
H (triglycerides) –
3 carboxylic
H-C-O-R acids react with
H-C-O-R’ triol.
• Mixed triesters –
H-C-O-R’’
three acid
H groups, not all
alike often found
in natural oils
and fats.
 Fat facts!
• Natural oils and fats are mixtures of
triesters.
• Can be split up by hydrolysis, heat
with conc. NaOH.
• Triester + NaOH  glycerol + sodium
salt of acid
• Basis of soap manufacture eg.
“Palmolive”
• Convert sodium salts to free acids by
adding dil. HCl or other mineral acid.
2.
4. Hydrogenolysis
Trans-esterification
Ois and fats react with alcohol in presence of acidic or
basic catalyst to form mixture of esters product
Analysis of Oils and Fats
Materials:
1- Fats and oils (olive oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, and
butter)
2- Fat solvent (equal volumes of 95% ethanol and ether)
3-Alcholic KOH (0.5 mol/liter)
4-Reflux condenser.
5-Boiling water bath.
6-Phenolphethalein.
7-Hydrochloric acid (0.5 mol/liter)
8-Burettes (10 ml and 25 ml)
9-Conical flasks (250ml)
 Phenolphthalein
(Ph.ph)
0.5mol/L
HCL
ml alcoholic KOH 25
ml fat solvent 3
ml fat 1

Heat flask on a boiling water bath for 30 min.

Leave to cool to room temperature
Calculations:
• The difference between the blank and the test
reading gives the number of milliliters of KOH
required to saponify 1g fat.
• You can use this formula to calculate the
saponification value:
1ml (0.5 N HCl ) = 28.05 mg KOH
( B-T ) = S
■ Saponification value (S) =
( B-T ) x 28.05 = mg KOH/1g
Wt. of fat (1g)
Manufacture of Soap
 Difference Between Soap and Detergent
Soaps Detergents
Consist of a ‘-COONa’ group attached to Consist of a ‘-SO3Na’ group attached to a
a fatty acid having a long alkyl chain. long alkyl chain.

They are not effective in hard water and They do not lose their effectiveness in
saline water hard water and saline water.

Detergents containing a branched

Soaps are completely biodegradable
hydrocarbon chain are non-biodegradable
They have a tendency to form sum in a
These compounds do not form scum.
hard water environment.
They are derived from natural sources
Detergents are synthetic derivatives.
such as vegetable oils and animal fats.

Soaps are environment-friendly products These compounds can form a thick foam
since they are biodegradable. that causes the death of aquatic life.

Examples of soaps: sodium palmitate and Examples of detergents: deoxycholic acid

sodium stearate. and sodium lauryl sulfate.