History Of Computers

The history of computers spans over 200 years, beginning with

the theoretical musings of mathematicians and entrepreneurs. In
the 19th century, mechanical calculating machines were
conceptualized and constructed to tackle increasingly complex
numerical challenges. Technological progress in the early 20th
century led to the development of larger and more powerful
computers. Today's computers bear little resemblance to their
19th-century counterparts, like Charles Babbage's Analytical Vacuum Tubes
Engine, or the room-filling behemoths of the 20th century, such ENIAC
as the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. From
primitive number-crunching origins, computers have evolved
into the sophisticated and versatile machines that drive activities History of Computers
like internet surfing, gaming, and multimedia streaming.
ENIAC
The ENIAC computer, invented by John William Mauchly
enormous machine housed in a 1,500-square-foot room at the
Moore School. Comprising 40 panels arranged in a U-shape,
ach 8 feet high, 2 feet wide, and 2 feet deep, the machine
featured an intricate setup of 70,000 resistors, 17,000 vacuum
tubes, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, and 6,000 switches,
weighing a staggering 27 tons. Operating constantly to extend
the life of its vacuum tubes, the ENIAC generated substantial
heat, necessitating its own air conditioning system to prevent Vacuum Tubes Transistors
overheating. Completed in February 1946 at a cost of
approximately $400,000, the ENIAC's initial purpose to aid in
winning World War II shifted to calculations for building
hydrogen bombs as the war concluded before the machine's
completion. ENIAC
Vacuum Tubes
Sir John Ambrose Fleming is credited with inventing the first-
generation computer, which utilized vacuum tubes as switching
components to solve physical equations. Operating on machine
language, a low-level programming language written in long
strings, these computers were characterized by their expensive
and bulky nature. The first-generation computers marked a
significant step in the evolution of computing technology.

Integrated Circ
Transistors

Vacuum Tubes
Transistors
During the 1960s, the advent of transistor-based computers
signaled the onset of the second generation. Transistors,
replacing vacuum tubes, not only made computers smaller and
more affordable but also enhanced energy efficiency. However,
the high heat emission from the computer posed a risk of
damaging the transistors. In the second generation, punch cards
were employed for input, and assembly language, a low-level
programming language, was utilized. These developments Integrated Circuit Microprocesso
marked a significant shift in the landscape of computing
technology during the 2nd generation

Transistors
About country here
Integrated Circuit
The third generation of computers was ushered in by the
introduction of Integrated Circuit (IC) based systems. These
computers featured small transistors placed on silicon chips,
also known as semiconductors, contributing to increased speed
and efficiency. The third generation saw a shift towards high-
level languages, which utilized the English alphabet and
mathematical symbols. These languages were user-friendly,
Artificial Intelligen
easily comprehensible, and not machine-dependent. Programs Microprocessor
written in high-level languages were termed source programs,
with examples such as Fortran, COBOL, Java 8, and JRE 8
representing the diverse array of high-level languages during Integrated Circuits
this era. This marked a significant advancement in the
capabilities and accessibility of computing technology during
the third generation.
Microprocessor

The advent of the microprocessor marked a pivotal

development, as it involved placing thousands of integrated
circuits onto a single silicon chip. This compact chip boasted
high processing speed, significantly enhancing computing
capabilities. However, microprocessors were constrained by a
limit on the size of data they could handle, highlighting a
notable aspect of their design. Despite this limitation, the
introduction of microprocessors represented a groundbreaking
step in the evolution of computing technology, enabling more
compact and efficient systems.

Artificial Intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence
The ongoing development of the fifth generation of
computers is centered around the principles of artificial
intelligence and natural language recognition. These
advanced systems are poised to leverage these techniques for
the design and implementation of robots, ushering in a new
era of computing where machines can comprehend and
interact with human language, showcasing the evolving
landscape of technology
Vacuum Tubes

ENIAC
Conclusion
We sincerely hope that you found our presentation
enlightening and gained new insights into the
History Of Computers. It's been our pleasure to share
some useful information with you. We hope your
learned Something new !
Huge Thanks goes to Ravindu, Anuhas and Ryan for
preparing the presentation

Integrated Circuits
Team Members :
Steve Jerome (Leader)

Ravindu Fernando
 Ryan Eron

Anuhas Fernando
Kiara

Cristina