Limits

prepared by: Reubal, Kristina

 TOPIC #1:
Estimating a Limit Numerically and
Sketch the Graph
Example 1:
a.)
Table of values

x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1

f(x) ?

f(2.9) = f(2.99) = f(2.999) =

= 5.9 = 5.99 = 5.999
f(3.001) = f(3.01) = f(3.1) =
= 6.001 = 6.01 = 6.1
Example 1:
a.) = 6
Table of values

x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1

f(x) 5.9 5.99 5.999 6 6.001 6.01 6.1

Graph:
Example 1:
b.)
Table of values

x 3.9 3.99 3.999 4 4.001 4.01 4.1

f(x) ?

f(3.9) = f(3.99) = f(3.999) =

= 0.2040816327 = 0.2004008016 = 0.200040008
f(4.001) = f(4.01) = f(4.1) =
= 0.199960008 = 0.1996007984 = 0.1960784314
Example 1:
b.) = 0.2
Table of values

x 3.9 3.99 3.999 4 4.001 4.01 4.1

f(x) 0.2040816327 0.2004008016 0.200040008 0.2 0.199960008 0.1996007984 0.1960784314

Graph:
 TOPIC #2:
Evaluating Limits Analytically
Example 2:
a.)
factor out
cancel like terms

substitution
 Example 2:
b.)

conjugate
multiply and cancel out
=
= = = substitute

=
 TOPIC #3:
Determining Infinite Limits and
Sketch the Graph
Example 3:
a.)

Considering the theorems on infinite limits,

=∞

if x is approaching to 0 from the left and r (any positive integer) is

even, +∞
if x is approaching to 0 from the left and r is odd, -∞
Thus,
= +∞
Example 3:
a.)
Table of values

x -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01

f(x) ?

f(-0.01) = f(-0.001) = f(-0.0001) =

= 1x = 1x = 1x
f(0.0001) = f(0.001) = f(0.01) =
= 1x = 1x = 1x
Example 3:
a.)
Table of values:

x -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01

f(x) 1x 1x 1x u 1x 1x 1x

Graph:
Example 3:
b.)

Solution:
= thus,
= -∞
Considering the theorems on infinite limits,
, if f(x) is constant and ≠ 0 and g(x) is 0 then:
+c and x = -∞
-c and x -∞
Example 3:
b.)
Table of values:

x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1

f(x) ?

f(2.9) = f(2.99) = f(2.999) =

= 7.24137931 = 67.22408027 = 667.2224075
f(3.001) = f(3.01) = f(3.1) =
= -666.1112962 = -66.1129568 = -6.129032258
Example 3:
b.)
Table of values:

x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1

f(x) 7.24137931 67.22408027 667.2224075 u -666.1112962 -66.1129568 -6.129032258

Graph:
One-sided limit:
=-

=+
 TOPIC #4:
Finding the Limits at
Infinity/Indeterminate Form
Example 4:
a.)

Solution:
=5
According to the theorem, let r be any positive integer:

= 5 thus,
=0
Example 4: According to the theorems on
b.) limits at infinity,
let r be any positive integer then:
∙ = = = =0

= = =

= -2
Example 2: Evaluating Limits Analytically (Limits of Composite
Functions)
c.)

3
Example 2: Evaluating Limits Analytically (Limits of Composite
Functions)
d.)